/****************************************************************************
**
** Copyright (C) 2019 The Qt Company Ltd.
** Contact: https://www.qt.io/licensing/
**
** This file is part of the documentation of the Qt Toolkit.
**
** $QT_BEGIN_LICENSE:FDL$
** Commercial License Usage
** Licensees holding valid commercial Qt licenses may use this file in
** accordance with the commercial license agreement provided with the
** Software or, alternatively, in accordance with the terms contained in
** a written agreement between you and The Qt Company. For licensing terms
** and conditions see https://www.qt.io/terms-conditions. For further
** information use the contact form at https://www.qt.io/contact-us.
**
** GNU Free Documentation License Usage
** Alternatively, this file may be used under the terms of the GNU Free
** Documentation License version 1.3 as published by the Free Software
** Foundation and appearing in the file included in the packaging of
** this file. Please review the following information to ensure
** the GNU Free Documentation License version 1.3 requirements
** will be met: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3.html.
** $QT_END_LICENSE$
**
****************************************************************************/

/*!
    \group i18n
    \brief How to internationalize your Qt application.
    \title Qt Classes for Internationalization

    See \l{Internationalization with Qt} for information on how to use these classes
    in your applications.
*/

/*!
    \group internationalization
    \title Internationalization with Qt
    \brief Information about Qt's support for internationalization and multiple languages.
    \nextpage Writing Source Code for Translation


    \keyword internationalization
    \keyword i18n

    The \e internationalization and \e localization of an application are the
    processes of adapting the application to different languages, regional
    differences and technical requirements of a target market.
    Internationalization means designing a software application so that it can
    be adapted to various languages and regions without engineering changes.
    Localization means adapting internationalized software for a specific region
    or language by adding locale-specific components (such as date, time, and
    number formats) and translating text.

    \tableofcontents

    \section1 Relevant Qt Classes and APIs

    These classes support internationalizing of Qt applications.

    \annotatedlist i18n

    \section1 Languages and Writing Systems

    In some cases internationalization is simple, for example, making a US
    application accessible to Australian or British users may require
    little more than a few spelling corrections. But to make a US
    application usable by Japanese users, or a Korean application usable
    by German users, will require that the software operate not only in
    different languages, but use different input techniques, character
    encodings and presentation conventions.

    Qt tries to make internationalization as painless as possible for
    developers. All input controls and text drawing methods in Qt offer
    built-in support for all supported languages. The built-in font engine
    is capable of correctly and attractively rendering text that contains
    characters from a variety of different writing systems at the same
    time.

    Qt supports most languages in use today, in particular:
    \list
    \li All East Asian languages (Chinese, Japanese and Korean)
    \li All Western languages (using Latin script)
    \li Arabic
    \li Cyrillic languages (Russian, Ukrainian, etc.)
    \li Greek
    \li Hebrew
    \li Thai and Lao
    \li All scripts in Unicode 6.2 that do not require special processing
    \li Bengali
    \li Burmese (Myanmar)
    \li Devanagari
    \li Gujarati
    \li Gurmukhi
    \li Kannada
    \li Khmer
    \li Malayalam
    \li Tamil
    \li Telugu
    \li Tibetan
    \endlist

    The list above is supported and will work on all platforms as long as
    the system has fonts to render these writing systems installed.

    On Windows, Linux and Unix with FontConfig (client side font support)
    the following languages are also supported:
    \list
    \li Dhivehi (Thaana)
    \li Syriac
    \li N'Ko
    \endlist

    On \macos, the following languages are also supported:
    \list
    \li Oriya
    \li Sinhala
    \endlist

    Many of these writing systems exhibit special features:

    \list

    \li \b{Special line breaking behavior.} Some of the Asian languages are
    written without spaces between words. Line breaking can occur either
    after every character (with exceptions) as in Chinese, Japanese and
    Korean, or after logical word boundaries as in Thai.

    \li \b{Bidirectional writing.} Arabic and Hebrew are written from right to
    left, except for numbers and embedded English text which is written
    left to right. The exact behavior is defined in the
    \l{https://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr9/}{Unicode Technical Annex #9}.

    \li \b{Non-spacing or diacritical marks (accents or umlauts in European
    languages).} Some languages such as Vietnamese make extensive use of
    these marks and some characters can have more than one mark at the
    same time to clarify pronunciation.

    \li \b{Ligatures.} In special contexts, some pairs of characters get
    replaced by a combined glyph forming a ligature. Common examples are
    the fl and fi ligatures used in typesetting US and European books.

    \endlist

    Qt tries to take care of all the special features listed above. You
    usually don't have to worry about these features so long as you use
    Qt's input controls (e.g. QLineEdit, QTextEdit, and derived classes
    or the Quick TextInput item) and Qt's display controls (e.g. QLabel
    and Qt Quick's Text item).

    Support for these writing systems is transparent to the
    programmer and completely encapsulated in \l{Rich Text Processing}{Qt's text engine}.
    This means that you don't usually need to have any knowledge of the writing
    system used in a particular language, unless you want to write your own text
    input controls. In some languages, such as Arabic or languages from the
    Indian subcontinent, the width and shape of a glyph changes depending on the
    surrounding characters. To take this into account, use QTextLayout.
    Writing input controls also requires some knowledge of the scripts they are
    going to be used in. Usually, the easiest way is to subclass QLineEdit or
    QTextEdit.

    For more information about how to internationalize source code, see
    \l{Writing Source Code for Translation} and
    \l{Internationalization and Localization with Qt Quick}.

    \section1 Producing Translations

    Qt provides excellent support for translating Qt C++ and Qt Quick
    applications into local languages. Release managers, translators, and
    developers can use the Qt translation tools to accomplish their tasks.

    The Qt translation tools, Qt Linguist, \c lupdate, and \c lrelease are
    installed in the \c bin subdirectory of the base directory Qt is installed
    into. For more information about using them, see the \l{Qt Linguist Manual}.

    \target qt-itself
    Qt itself contains several thousands of strings that will also need to be
    translated into the languages that you are targeting. You will find
    a number of translation files in the qttranslations repository.
    Before you start translating Qt, read the wiki page
    \l{external: Translating Qt Into Other Languages}
    {Translating Qt Into Other Languages}.

    \section1 Enabling Translation

    Typically, your application's \c main() function will look like
    this:

    \snippet snippets/code/doc_src_i18n.cpp 8

    For a translation-aware application, a QTranslator object is created, then a
    translation is loaded according to the user's preferred UI display locale at
    runtime, and finally, the translator object is installed into the
    application.

    \section1 Locating Qt Translations

    You can also use QLibraryInfo::location() to locate the translations for the
    Qt modules used. You can request the path to the translations at run-time by
    passing QLibraryInfo::TranslationsPath to this function.

    \section2 Available Catalogs

    The Qt translation catalogs are located in the \c qttranslations repository.

    \warning Qt translations are contributed by the Qt community, and provided
    without any guarantees. Translations migh be missing, outdated, or entirely
    incorrect, up to the point of being malicious. It is recommended that you
    audit any translations you ship.

    The \c qt_ meta catalog contains the still-existing Qt translations that
    were included in the \c qt_ catalog in Qt 4. It was created to make porting
    applications from Qt 4 to Qt 5 easier. The meta catalog depends on
    translations that might be absent, because they belong to unnecessary or
    deprecated modules, which might cause the loading of the translations to
    fail. If you use modules that are new in Qt 5 in your application, you must
    specify the names of the catalogs for those modules even if you use the
    meta catalog.

    The following table lists the translation catalogs available for the Qt
    modules and tools in Qt.

    \table
    \header
        \li Qt Module or Tool
        \li Catalog
    \row
        \li \l {Qt Assistant Manual}{Qt Assistant}
        \li \c assistant_
    \row
        \li \l [QtBluetooth]{Qt Bluetooth}
        \li \c qtconnectivity_
    \row
        \li \l [QtConcurrent]{Qt Concurrent}
        \li \c qtbase_
    \row
        \li \l [QtCore]{Qt Core}
        \li \c qtbase_
    \row
        \li \l [QtDBus]{Qt D-Bus}
        \li \c qtbase_
    \row
        \li \l {Qt Designer}
        \li \c designer_
    \row
        \li \l [QtGui]{Qt GUI}
        \li \c qtbase_
    \row
        \li \l {Qt Help}
        \li \c qt_help_
    \row
        \li \l {Qt Linguist Manual}{Qt Linguist}
        \li \c linguist_
    \row
        \li \l [QtLocation]{Qt Location}
        \li \c qtlocation_
    \row
        \li \l [QtMultimedia]{Qt Multimedia}
        \li \c qtmultimedia_
    \row
        \li \l [QtMultimediaWidgets]{Qt Multimedia Widgets}
        \li \c qtmultimedia_
    \row
        \li \l[QtNfc]{Qt NFC}
        \li \c qtconnectivity_
    \row
        \li \l[Qt Network]{Qt Network}
        \li \c qtbase_
    \row
        \li \l [QtPositioning]{Qt Positioning}
        \li \c qtlocation_
    \row
        \li \l [QtPrintSupport]{Qt Print Support}
        \li \c qtbase_
    \row
        \li \l {Qt QML}
        \li \c qtdeclarative_
    \row
        \li \l {Qt Quick}
        \li \c qtdeclarative_
    \row
        \li \l {Qt Quick Controls}
        \li \c qtquickcontrols2_
    \row
        \li \l {Qt Quick Widgets C++ Classes}{Qt Quick Widgets}
        \li \c qtdeclarative_
    \row
        \li \l [QtSerialPort]{Qt Serial Port}
        \li \c qtserialport_
    \row
        \li \l [QtSql]{Qt SQL}
        \li \c qtbase_
    \row
        \li \l [QtWebEngine]{Qt WebEngine}
        \li \c qtwebengine_
    \row
        \li \l [QtWebSockets]{Qt WebSockets}
        \li \c qtwebsockets_
    \row
        \li \l [QtWidgets]{Qt Widgets}
        \li \c qtbase_
    \endtable

    \omit
    The following modules are not listed above because they are deprecated,
    documented as a part of another module, QPA modules, or not translated
    for some reason.

    \list
    \row \li QtEglFSDeviceIntegration \li \c qtbase_ \li QPA
    \row \li QtMultimediaGstTools \li \c qtmultimedia_ \li Qt Multimedia
    \row \li QtMultimediaQuick \li \c qtmultimedia_ \li Qt Multimedia
    \row \li QtOpenGL \li \c qtbase_ \li Deprecated
    \row \li QtOpenGLExtensions \li \c qtbase_ \li Deprecated
    \row \li QtPacketProtocol \li \c qtdeclarative_ \li Qt Quick
    \row \li QtPositioningQuick \li \c qtlocation_ \li Qt Positioning
    \row \li QtQmlDebug \li \c qtdeclarative_ \li Qt Quick
    \row \li QtQmlModels \li \c qtdeclarative_ \li Qt Quick
    \row \li QtQmlWorkerScript \li \c qtdeclarative_ \li Qt Quick
    \row \li QtQuickParticles \li \c qtdeclarative_ \li Qt Quick
    \row \li QtQuickShapes \li \c qtdeclarative_ \li Qt Quick
    \row \li QtQuickTemplates2 \li \c qtquickcontrols2_ \li Qt Quick Controls 2
    \row \li QtQuickTest \li \c qtdeclarative_ \li Not translated
    \row \li QtQuickWidgets \li \c qtdeclarative_ \li Qt Quick
    \row \li QtScript \li \c qtscript_ \li Deprecated
    \row \li QtScriptTools \li \c qtscript_ \li Deprecated
    \row \li QtTest \li \c qtbase_ \li Not translated
    \row \li QtWebEngineCore \li \c qtwebengine_ \li Qt WebEngine
    \row \li QtWebEngineWidgets \li \c qtwebengine_ \li Qt WebEngine
    \row \li QtXml \li \c qtbase_ \li Deprecated
    \row \li QtXmlPatterns \li \c qtxmlpatterns_ \li Deprecated
    \endlist
    \endomit

    \section2 Example: Basic Qt Modules

    For example, to locate translations for basic Qt modules, such as Qt Core,
    Qt GUI, Qt Network, and Qt Widgets, add the following code to the \c main()
    function:

    \snippet snippets/code/doc_src_i18n.cpp 14

    \section1 Support for Encodings

    The QTextCodec class and the facilities in QTextStream make it easy to
    support many legacy input and output encodings for your users' data. When an
    application starts, the locale of the machine will determine the 8-bit
    encoding used when dealing with external 8-bit data. QTextCodec::codecForLocale()
    returns a codec that can be used to convert between this locale encoding
    and Unicode.

    The application may occasionally require encodings other than the
    default local 8-bit encoding. For example, an application in a
    Cyrillic KOI8-R locale (the de-facto standard locale in Russia) might
    need to output Cyrillic in the ISO 8859-5 encoding. Code for this
    would be:

    \snippet snippets/code/doc_src_i18n.cpp 9

    For converting Unicode to local 8-bit encodings, a shortcut is
    available: the QString::toLocal8Bit() function returns such 8-bit
    data. Another useful shortcut is QString::toUtf8(), which returns
    text in the 8-bit \l{http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2279.txt}{UTF-8} encoding:
    this perfectly preserves
    Unicode information while looking like plain ASCII if the text is
    wholly ASCII.

    For converting the other way, there are the QString::fromUtf8() and
    QString::fromLocal8Bit() convenience functions, or the general code,
    demonstrated by this conversion from ISO 8859-5 Cyrillic to Unicode
    conversion:

    \snippet snippets/code/doc_src_i18n.cpp 10

    Unicode I/O should be used as this maximizes the portability
    of documents between users around the world. In many cases it is
    however still necessary to support other encodings as your users will
    need to process existing documents. The most important additional
    encoding to support is the one
    returned by QTextCodec::codecForLocale(), as this is the one the user
    is most likely to need for communicating with other people and
    applications (this is the codec used by local8Bit()).

    Qt supports most of the more frequently used encodings natively. For a
    complete list of supported encodings see the \l QTextCodec
    documentation.

    In some cases and for less frequently used encodings it may be
    necessary to write your own QTextCodec subclass. Depending on the
    urgency, it may be useful to contact Qt's technical support team or
    ask on the \c qt-interest mailing list to see if someone else is
    already working on supporting the encoding.

    \keyword localization

    \section1 Localizing Numbers, Dates, Times and Currency

    Localization is the process of adapting to local conventions, for
    example presenting dates and times using the locally preferred
    formats. For localized numbers, dates, times and currency strings, use the
    QLocale class.

    Localizing images is not recommended. Choose clear icons that are
    appropriate for all localities, rather than relying on local puns or
    stretched metaphors. The exception is for images of left and right
    pointing arrows which may need to be reversed for Arabic and Hebrew
    locales.

    \section1 Dynamic Translation

    Some applications, such as Qt Linguist, must be able to support changes
    to the user's language settings while they are still running. To make
    widgets aware of changes to the installed QTranslator objects, reimplement the
    widget's \l{QWidget::changeEvent()}{changeEvent()} function to check whether
    the event is a \l{QEvent::LanguageChange}{LanguageChange} event, and update
    the text displayed by widgets using the \l{QObject::tr()}{tr()} function
    in the usual way. For example:

    \snippet snippets/code/doc_src_i18n.cpp 12

    All other change events should be passed on by calling the default
    implementation of the function.

    The list of installed translators might change in reaction to a
    \l{QEvent::LocaleChange}{LocaleChange} event, or the application might
    provide a user interface that allows the user to change the current
    application language.

    The default event handler for QWidget subclasses responds to the
    QEvent::LanguageChange event, and will call this function when necessary.

    \l{QEvent::LanguageChange}{LanguageChange} events are posted when a new
    translation is installed using the QCoreApplication::installTranslator()
    function. Additionally, other application components can also force
    widgets to update themselves by posting LanguageChange events to them.

    \section1 System Support

    Some of the operating systems and windowing systems that Qt runs on
    only have limited support for Unicode. The level of support available
    in the underlying system has some influence on the support that Qt can
    provide on those platforms, although in general Qt applications need
    not be too concerned with platform-specific limitations.

    \section2 Unix/X11

    \list
    \li  Locale-oriented fonts and input methods. Qt hides these and
        provides Unicode input and output.
    \li  Filesystem conventions such as UTF-8
        are today used by default in most Unix variants. All Qt file
        functions allow Unicode, but convert filenames to the local
        8-bit encoding, as this is the Unix convention (see
        QFile::setEncodingFunction() to explore alternative
        encodings).
    \li  File I/O defaults to the local 8-bit encoding,
        with Unicode options in QTextStream.
    \li  Some older Unix distributions contain only partial support for some locales.
        For example, if you have a \c /usr/share/locale/ja_JP.EUC directory,
        this does not necessarily mean you can display Japanese text; you also
        need to have Japanese fonts installed, and the
        \c /usr/share/locale/ja_JP.EUC directory needs to be complete. For
        best results, use complete locales from your system vendor.
    \endlist

    \section2 Linux

    \list
    \li  Qt provides full Unicode support, including input methods, fonts,
        clipboard, drag-and-drop.
    \li  The file system is usually encoded in UTF-8 on all modern Linux
        distributions and should not pose a problem. File I/O defaults to UTF-8.
    \endlist

    \section2 Windows

    \list
    \li  Qt provides full Unicode support, including input methods, fonts,
        clipboard, drag-and-drop and file names.
    \li  File I/O defaults to Latin1, with Unicode options in QTextStream.
        Note that some Windows programs do not understand big-endian
        Unicode text files even though that is the order prescribed by
        the Unicode Standard in the absence of higher-level protocols.
    \endlist

    \section2 \macos

    For details on \macos-specific translation, refer to the Qt for macOS issues
    document \l{Qt for macOS - Specific Issues#Translating the Application Menu and Native Dialogs}{here}.

    \section1 Related Pages
*/

/*!
    \page i18n-source-translation.html
    \title Writing Source Code for Translation
    \ingroup internationalization
    \previouspage Internationalization with Qt
    \nextpage Translation Rules for Plurals
    \brief How to write source code in a way that makes it possible for user-visible text to be translated.

    \tableofcontents

    Writing cross-platform international software with Qt is a gentle,
    incremental process. Your software can become internationalized in
    the stages described in the following sections.
    For more information about internalizing Qt Quick application, see
    \l{Internationalization and Localization with Qt Quick}.

    \section1 Using QString for All User-Visible Text

    Since QString uses the Unicode encoding internally, every
    language in the world can be processed transparently using
    familiar text processing operations. Also, since all Qt functions
    that present text to the user take a QString as a parameter,
    there is no \c{char *} to QString conversion overhead.

    Strings that are in "programmer space" (such as QObject names
    and file format texts) need not use QString; the traditional
    \c{char *} or the QByteArray class will suffice.

    You're unlikely to notice that you are using Unicode;
    QString, and QChar are just easier versions of the crude
    \c{const char *} and \c char from traditional C.

    \c{char *} strings in source code are assumed to be
    \l{http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2279.txt}{UTF-8} encoded when being
    implicitly converted to a QString. If your C string literal
    uses a different encoding, use QString::fromLatin1() or QTextCodec
    to convert the literal to a Unicode encoded QString.

    \section1 Using tr() for All Literal Text

    Wherever your program uses a string literal (quoted text) that will
    be presented to the user, ensure that it is processed by the \l
    QCoreApplication::translate() function. Essentially all that is necessary
    to achieve this is to use the \l{QObject::}{tr()} function to obtain
    translated text for your classes, typically for display purposes. This
    function is also used to indicate which text strings in an application are
    translatable.

    For example, assuming the \c LoginWidget is a subclass of QWidget:

    \snippet snippets/code/doc_src_i18n.cpp 0

    This accounts for 99% of the user-visible strings you're likely to
    write.

    If the quoted text is not in a member function of a
    QObject subclass, use either the tr() function of an
    appropriate class, or the QCoreApplication::translate() function
    directly:

    \snippet snippets/code/doc_src_i18n.cpp 1

    Qt indexes each translatable string by the \e{translation context} it is
    associated with; this is generally the name of the QObject subclass it is
    used in.

    Translation contexts are defined for new QObject-based classes by the use
    of the Q_OBJECT macro in each new class definition.

    When tr() is called, it looks up the translatable string using a QTranslator
    object. For translation to work, one or more of these must have been
    installed on the application object in the way described in
    \l{Enabling Translation}.

    Translating strings in QML works exactly the same way as in C++, with the only
    difference being that you need to call qsTr() instead of \l{QObject::}{tr()}. See also
    the page on \l{Internationalization and Localization with Qt Quick}.

    \section1 Defining a Translation Context

    The translation context for QObject and each QObject subclass is the
    class name itself. Developers subclassing QObject must use the
    Q_OBJECT macro in their class definition to override the translation
    context. This macro sets the context to the name of the subclass.

    For example, the following class definition includes the Q_OBJECT macro,
    implementing a new tr() that uses the \c MainWindow context:

    \code
    class MainWindow : public QMainWindow
    {
        Q_OBJECT

    public:
        MainWindow();
    \endcode
    \dots

    If Q_OBJECT is not used in a class definition, the context will be
    inherited from the base class. For example, since all QObject-based
    classes in Qt provide a context, a new QWidget subclass defined without
    a Q_OBJECT macro will use the \c QWidget context if its tr() function
    is invoked.

    \section1 Using tr() to Obtain a Translation

    The following example shows how a translation is obtained for the
    class shown in the previous section:

    \code
    void MainWindow::createMenus()
    {
        fileMenu = menuBar()->addMenu(tr("&File"));
    \endcode
    \dots

    Here, the translation context is \c MainWindow because it is the
    \c MainWindow::tr() function that is invoked. The text returned
    by the tr() function is a translation of "&File" obtained from
    the \c MainWindow context.

    When Qt's translation tool, \l{Using lupdate}{lupdate}, is used to process
    a set of source
    files, the text wrapped in tr() calls is stored in a section of the translation
    file that corresponds to its translation context.

    In some situations, it is useful to give a translation context explicitly
    by fully qualifying the call to tr(); for example:

    \snippet snippets/code/src_corelib_kernel_qobject.cpp explicit tr context

    This call obtains the translated text for "Page up" from the \c QScrollBar
    context. Developers can also use the QCoreApplication::translate() function
    to obtain a translation for a particular translation context.

    \section1 Using tr() to Localize Numbers

    You can localize numbers by using appropriate tr() strings:

    \snippet snippets/code/doc_src_i18n.cpp 11

    In the example, for the US we would leave the translation of
    "AMPM" as it is and thereby use the 12-hour clock branch; but in
    Europe we would translate it as something else to make
    the code use the 24-hour clock branch.

    \section1 Translating Non-Qt Classes

    It is sometimes necessary to provide internationalization support for
    strings used in classes that do not inherit QObject or use the Q_OBJECT
    macro to enable translation features. Since Qt translates strings at
    run-time based on the class they are associated with and \c lupdate
    looks for translatable strings in the source code, non-Qt classes must
    use mechanisms that also provide this information.

    One way to do this is to add translation support to a non-Qt class
    using the Q_DECLARE_TR_FUNCTIONS() macro; for example:

    \snippet snippets/i18n-non-qt-class/myclass.h 0
    \dots
    \snippet snippets/i18n-non-qt-class/myclass.h 1

    This provides the class with \l{QObject::}{tr()} functions that can
    be used to translate strings associated with the class, and makes it
    possible for \c lupdate to find translatable strings in the source
    code.

    Alternatively, the QCoreApplication::translate() function can be called
    with a specific context, and this will be recognized by \c lupdate and
    Qt Linguist.

    \section1 Translator Comments

    Developers can include information about each translatable string to
    help translators with the translation process. These are extracted
    when \c lupdate is used to process the source files. The recommended
    way to add comments is to annotate the tr() calls in your code with
    comments of the form:

    \tt{//: ...}

    or

    \tt{\begincomment: ... \endcomment}

    Examples:

    \snippet snippets/code/src_corelib_kernel_qobject.cpp 40

    In these examples, the comments will be associated with the strings
    passed to tr() in the context of each call.

    \section1 Adding Meta-Data to Strings

    Additional data can be attached to each translatable message. These are
    extracted when \c lupdate is used to process the source files. The
    recommended way to add meta-data is to annotate the tr() calls in your code
    with comments of the form:

    \tt{//= <id>}

    This can be used to give the message a unique identifier to support tools
    which need it.

    An alternative way to attach meta-data is to use the following syntax:

    \tt{//~ <field name> <field contents>}

    This can be used to attach meta-data to the message. The field name should
    consist of a domain prefix (possibly the conventional file extension of the
    file format the field is inspired by), a hyphen and the actual field name
    in underscore-delimited notation. For storage in TS files, the field name
    together with the prefix "extra-" will form an XML element name. The field
    contents will be XML-escaped, but otherwise appear verbatim as the
    element's contents. Any number of unique fields can be added to each
    message.

    Example:

    \snippet snippets/code/src_corelib_kernel_qobject.cpp meta data

    You can use the keyword \e TRANSLATOR for translator comments.
    Meta-data appearing right in front of the TRANSLATOR keyword applies to
    the whole TS file.

    \section1 Disambiguation

    If the same translatable string is used in different roles within the same
    translation context, an additional identifying string may be passed in
    the call to \l{QObject::}{tr()}. This optional disambiguation argument
    is used to distinguish between otherwise identical strings.

    Example:

    \snippet snippets/code/src_corelib_kernel_qobject.cpp 17
    \dots

    In Qt 4.4 and earlier, this disambiguation parameter was the preferred
    way to specify comments to translators.

    \section1 Handling Plurals

    Some translatable strings contain placeholders for integer values and need
    to be translated differently depending on the values in use.

    To help with this problem, developers pass an additional integer argument
    to the \l{QObject::}{tr()} function, and typically use a special notation
    for plurals in each translatable string.

    If this argument is equal or greater than zero, all occurrences of
    \c %n in the resulting string are replaced with a decimal representation
    of the value supplied. In addition, the translation used will adapt to the
    value according to the rules for each language.

    Example:

    \snippet snippets/code/src_corelib_kernel_qobject.cpp 18

    The table below shows what string is returned depending on the
    active translation:

    \table
    \header \li      \li{3,1} Active Translation
    \header \li \a n \li No Translation        \li French                                 \li English
    \row    \li 0    \li "0 message(s) saved"  \li "0 message sauvegard\unicode{0xE9}"    \li "0 message\b{s} saved"
    \row    \li 1    \li "1 message(s) saved"  \li "1 message sauvegard\unicode{0xE9}"    \li "1 message saved"
    \row    \li 2    \li "2 message(s) saved"  \li "2 message\b{s} sauvegard\unicode{0xE9}\b{s}"  \li "2 message\b{s} saved"
    \row    \li 37   \li "37 message(s) saved" \li "37 message\b{s} sauvegard\unicode{0xE9}\b{s}" \li "37 message\b{s} saved"
    \endtable

    This idiom is more flexible than the traditional approach; e.g.,

    \snippet snippets/code/src_corelib_kernel_qobject.cpp 19

    because it also works with target languages that have several
    plural forms (e.g., Irish has a special "dual" form that should
    be used when \c n is 2), and it handles the \e n == 0 case
    correctly for languages such as French that require the singular.

    To handle plural forms in the native language, you need to load a
    translation file for this language, too. The lupdate tool has the
    \c -pluralonly command line option, which allows the creation of
    TS files containing only entries with plural forms.

    See the \l{Qt Quarterly} Article
    \l{http://doc.qt.io/archives/qq/qq19-plurals.html}
    {Plural Forms in Translations} for further details on this issue.

    Instead of \c %n, you can use \c %Ln to produce a localized
    representation of \a n. The conversion uses the default locale,
    set using QLocale::setDefault(). (If no default locale was
    specified, the system wide locale is used.)

    A summary of the rules used to translate strings containing plurals can be
    found in the \l{Translation Rules for Plurals} document.

    \section1 Translating Text That is Outside of a QObject Subclass

    \section2 Using QCoreApplication::translate()

    If the quoted text is not in a member function of a QObject subclass,
    use either the tr() function of an appropriate class, or the
    QCoreApplication::translate() function directly:

    \snippet snippets/code/doc_src_i18n.cpp 13

    \section2 Using QT_TR_NOOP() and QT_TRANSLATE_NOOP() in C++

    If you need to have translatable text completely outside a function, there
    are two macros to help: QT_TR_NOOP() and QT_TRANSLATE_NOOP(). They merely
    mark the text for extraction by the \c lupdate tool. The macros expand to
    just the text (without the context).

    Example of QT_TR_NOOP():

    \snippet snippets/code/doc_src_i18n.cpp 2

    Example of QT_TRANSLATE_NOOP():

    \snippet snippets/code/doc_src_i18n.cpp 3

    If you disable the \c{const char *} to QString automatic
    conversion by compiling your software with the macro \c
    QT_NO_CAST_FROM_ASCII defined, you'll be very likely to catch any
    strings you are missing. See QString::fromUtf8() and QString::fromLatin1()
    for more information.

    \section1 Using QKeySequence() for Accelerator Values

    Accelerator values such as Ctrl+Q or Alt+F need to be translated
    too. If you hardcode \c{Qt::CTRL + Qt::Key_Q} for "quit" in your
    application, translators won't be able to override it. The
    correct idiom is:

    \code
    exitAct = new QAction(tr("E&xit"), this);
    exitAct->setShortcuts(QKeySequence::Quit);
    \endcode

    \section1 Using Numbered Arguments

    The QString::arg() functions offer a simple means for substituting
    arguments:
    \snippet snippets/code/doc_src_i18n.cpp 4

    In some languages the order of arguments may need to change, and this
    can easily be achieved by changing the order of the % arguments. For
    example:

    \snippet snippets/code/doc_src_i18n.cpp 5

    produces the correct output in English and Norwegian:
    \snippet snippets/code/doc_src_i18n.qdoc 6

    \section1 Further Reading

    \l{Qt Linguist Manual}, \l{Hello tr() Example}, \l{Translation Rules for Plurals}
*/

/*!
    \page i18n-plural-rules.html
    \title Translation Rules for Plurals
    \ingroup internationalization
    \previouspage Writing Source Code for Translation
    \brief A summary of the translation rules for plurals produced by Qt's i18n tools.

    The table below shows the specific rules that are produced by Qt Linguist
    and \c lrelease for a selection of languages. Cells marked \e otherwise
    indicate the form used when none of the other rules are appropriate for a
    specific language.

    \table 80%
    \header \li Language \li Rule 1 \li Rule 2 \li Rule 3
    \row \li English \li \c{n == 1}
        \li \e{otherwise} \li N/A
    \row \li French \li \c{n < 2}
        \li \e{otherwise} \li N/A
    \row \li Czech \li \c{n % 100 == 1}
        \li \c{n % 100 >= 2 && n % 100 <= 4}
        \li \e{otherwise}
    \row \li Irish \li \c{n == 1}
        \li \c{n == 2} \li \e{otherwise}
    \row \li Latvian \li \c{n % 10 == 1&& n % 100 != 11}
        \li \c{n != 0} \li \e{otherwise}
    \row \li Lithuanian \li \c{n % 10 == 1&& n % 100 != 11}
        \li \c{n % 100 != 12 && n % 10 == 2}
        \li \e{otherwise}
    \row \li Macedonian \li \c{n % 10 == 1}
        \li \c{n % 10 == 2} \li \e{otherwise}
    \row \li Polish \li \c{n == 1}
        \li \c{n % 10 >= 2 && n % 10 <= 4
            && (n % 100 < 10 || n % 100 > 20)}
        \li \e{otherwise}
    \row \li Romanian \li \c{n == 1}
        \li \c{n == 0|| (n % 100 >= 1 && n % 100 <= 20)}
        \li \e{otherwise}
    \row \li Russian \li \c{n % 10 == 1&& n % 100 != 11}
        \li \c{n % 10 >= 2 && n % 10 <= 4
            && (n % 100 < 10 || n % 100 > 20)}
        \li \e{otherwise}
    \row \li Slovak \li \c{n == 1} \li \c{n >= 2 && n <= 4}
        \li \e{otherwise}
    \row \li Japanese \li \e{otherwise} \li N/A \li N/A
    \endtable

    The rules themselves are not documented and are internal to Qt Linguist and \c lrelease.
*/
