TrieDB.h

Go to the documentation of this file.

/*
    This file is part of cpp-ethereum.

    cpp-ethereum is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.

    cpp-ethereum is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    GNU General Public License for more details.

    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    along with cpp-ethereum.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
#pragma once

#include <memory>
#include "Log.h"
#include "Exceptions.h"
#include "SHA3.h"
#include "TrieCommon.h"

namespace dev
{

struct InvalidTrie: virtual dev::Exception {};

enum class Verification {
    Skip,
    Normal
};

template <class _DB>
class GenericTrieDB
{
public:
    using DB = _DB;

    explicit GenericTrieDB(DB* _db = nullptr): m_db(_db) {}
    GenericTrieDB(DB* _db, h256 const& _root, Verification _v = Verification::Normal) { open(_db, _root, _v); }
    ~GenericTrieDB() {}

    void open(DB* _db) { m_db = _db; }
    void open(DB* _db, h256 const& _root, Verification _v = Verification::Normal) { m_db = _db; setRoot(_root, _v); }

    void init() { setRoot(forceInsertNode(&RLPNull)); assert(node(m_root).size()); }

    void setRoot(h256 const& _root, Verification _v = Verification::Normal)
    {
        m_root = _root;
        if (_v == Verification::Normal)
        {
            if (m_root == EmptyTrie && !m_db->exists(m_root))
                init();
        }
        if (_v == Verification::Normal)
            if (!node(m_root).size())
                BOOST_THROW_EXCEPTION(RootNotFound());
    }

    bool isNull() const { return !node(m_root).size(); }
    bool isEmpty() const { return m_root == EmptyTrie && node(m_root).size(); }

    h256 const& root() const
    {
        if (node(m_root).empty())
            BOOST_THROW_EXCEPTION(BadRoot() << errinfo_hash256(m_root));
        return m_root;
    }  // patch the root in the case of the empty trie. TODO: handle this properly.

    std::string at(bytes const& _key) const { return at(&_key); }
    std::string at(bytesConstRef _key) const;
    void insert(bytes const& _key, bytes const& _value) { insert(&_key, &_value); }
    void insert(bytesConstRef _key, bytes const& _value) { insert(_key, &_value); }
    void insert(bytes const& _key, bytesConstRef _value) { insert(&_key, _value); }
    void insert(bytesConstRef _key, bytesConstRef _value);
    void remove(bytes const& _key) { remove(&_key); }
    void remove(bytesConstRef _key);
    bool contains(bytes const& _key) const { return contains(&_key); }
    bool contains(bytesConstRef _key) const { return !at(_key).empty(); }

    class iterator
    {
    public:
        using value_type = std::pair<bytesConstRef, bytesConstRef>;

        iterator() {}
        explicit iterator(GenericTrieDB const* _db);
        iterator(GenericTrieDB const* _db, bytesConstRef _key);

        iterator& operator++() { next(); return *this; }

        value_type operator*() const { return at(); }
        value_type operator->() const { return at(); }

        bool operator==(iterator const& _c) const { return _c.m_trail == m_trail; }
        bool operator!=(iterator const& _c) const { return _c.m_trail != m_trail; }

        value_type at() const;

    private:
        void next();
        void next(NibbleSlice _key);

        struct Node
        {
            std::string rlp;
            std::string key;        // as hexPrefixEncoding.
            byte child;             // 255 -> entering, 16 -> actually at the node, 17 -> exiting, 0-15 -> actual children.

            // 255 -> 16 -> 0 -> 1 -> ... -> 15 -> 17

            void setChild(unsigned _i) { child = _i; }
            void setFirstChild() { child = 16; }
            void incrementChild() { child = child == 16 ? 0 : child == 15 ? 17 : (child + 1); }

            bool operator==(Node const& _c) const { return rlp == _c.rlp && key == _c.key && child == _c.child; }
            bool operator!=(Node const& _c) const { return !operator==(_c); }
        };

    protected:
        std::vector<Node> m_trail;
        GenericTrieDB<DB> const* m_that;
    };

    iterator begin() const { return iterator(this); }
    iterator end() const { return iterator(); }

    iterator lower_bound(bytesConstRef _key) const { return iterator(this, _key); }

    void descendKey(h256 const& _k, h256Hash& _keyMask, bool _wasExt, std::ostream* _out, int _indent = 0) const
    {
        _keyMask.erase(_k);
        if (_k == m_root && _k == EmptyTrie)    // root allowed to be empty
            return;
        std::string const s = node(_k);
        RLP r = RLP(s);
        descendList(r, _keyMask, _wasExt, _out, _indent);  // if not, it must be a list
    }

    void descendEntry(
        RLP const& _r, h256Hash& _keyMask, bool _wasExt, std::ostream* _out, int _indent) const
    {
        if (_r.isData() && _r.size() == 32)
            descendKey(_r.toHash<h256>(), _keyMask, _wasExt, _out, _indent);
        else if (_r.isList())
            descendList(_r, _keyMask, _wasExt, _out, _indent);
        else
            BOOST_THROW_EXCEPTION(InvalidTrie());
    }

    void descendList(RLP const& _r, h256Hash& _keyMask, bool _wasExt, std::ostream* _out, int _indent) const
    {
        if (_r.isList() && _r.itemCount() == 2 && (!_wasExt || _out))
        {
            if (_out)
                (*_out) << std::string(_indent * 2, ' ') << (_wasExt ? "!2 " : "2  ") << sha3(_r.data()) << ": " << _r << "\n";
            if (!isLeaf(_r))                        // don't go down leaves
                descendEntry(_r[1], _keyMask, true, _out, _indent + 1);
        }
        else if (_r.isList() && _r.itemCount() == 17)
        {
            if (_out)
                (*_out) << std::string(_indent * 2, ' ') << "17 " << sha3(_r.data()) << ": " << _r << "\n";
            for (unsigned i = 0; i < 16; ++i)
                if (!_r[i].isEmpty())               // 16 branches are allowed to be empty
                    descendEntry(_r[i], _keyMask, false, _out, _indent + 1);
        }
        else
            BOOST_THROW_EXCEPTION(InvalidTrie());
    }

    h256Hash leftOvers(std::ostream* _out = nullptr) const
    {
        h256Hash k = m_db->keys();
        descendKey(m_root, k, false, _out);
        return k;
    }

    void debugStructure(std::ostream& _out) const
    {
        leftOvers(&_out);
    }

    bool check(bool _requireNoLeftOvers) const
    {
        try
        {
            return leftOvers().empty() || !_requireNoLeftOvers;
        }
        catch (...)
        {
            cwarn << boost::current_exception_diagnostic_information();
            return false;
        }
    }

    DB const* db() const { return m_db; }
    DB* db() { return m_db; }

private:
    RLPStream& streamNode(RLPStream& _s, bytes const& _b);

    std::string atAux(RLP const& _here, NibbleSlice _key) const;

    void mergeAtAux(RLPStream& _out, RLP const& _replace, NibbleSlice _key, bytesConstRef _value);
    bytes mergeAt(RLP const& _replace, NibbleSlice _k, bytesConstRef _v, bool _inLine = false);
    bytes mergeAt(RLP const& _replace, h256 const& _replaceHash, NibbleSlice _k, bytesConstRef _v, bool _inLine = false);

    bool deleteAtAux(RLPStream& _out, RLP const& _replace, NibbleSlice _key);
    bytes deleteAt(RLP const& _replace, NibbleSlice _k);

    // in: null (DEL)  -- OR --  [_k, V] (DEL)
    // out: [_k, _s]
    // -- OR --
    // in: [V0, ..., V15, S16] (DEL)  AND  _k == {}
    // out: [V0, ..., V15, _s]
    bytes place(RLP const& _orig, NibbleSlice _k, bytesConstRef _s);

    // in: [K, S] (DEL)
    // out: null
    // -- OR --
    // in: [V0, ..., V15, S] (DEL)
    // out: [V0, ..., V15, null]
    bytes remove(RLP const& _orig);

    // in: [K1 & K2, V] (DEL) : nibbles(K1) == _s, 0 < _s <= nibbles(K1 & K2)
    // out: [K1, H] ; [K2, V] => H (INS)  (being  [K1, [K2, V]]  if necessary)
    bytes cleve(RLP const& _orig, unsigned _s);

    // in: [K1, H] (DEL) ; H <= [K2, V] (DEL)  (being  [K1, [K2, V]] (DEL)  if necessary)
    // out: [K1 & K2, V]
    bytes graft(RLP const& _orig);

    // in: [V0, ... V15, S] (DEL)
    // out1: [k{i}, Vi]    where i < 16
    // out2: [k{}, S]      where i == 16
    bytes merge(RLP const& _orig, byte _i);

    // in: [k{}, S] (DEL)
    // out: [null ** 16, S]
    // -- OR --
    // in: [k{i}, N] (DEL)
    // out: [null ** i, N, null ** (16 - i)]
    // -- OR --
    // in: [k{i}K, V] (DEL)
    // out: [null ** i, H, null ** (16 - i)] ; [K, V] => H (INS)  (being [null ** i, [K, V], null ** (16 - i)]  if necessary)
    bytes branch(RLP const& _orig);

    bool isTwoItemNode(RLP const& _n) const;
    std::string deref(RLP const& _n) const;

    std::string node(h256 const& _h) const { return m_db->lookup(_h); }

    // These are low-level node insertion functions that just go straight through into the DB.
    h256 forceInsertNode(bytesConstRef _v) { auto h = sha3(_v); forceInsertNode(h, _v); return h; }
    void forceInsertNode(h256 const& _h, bytesConstRef _v) { m_db->insert(_h, _v); }
    void forceKillNode(h256 const& _h) { m_db->kill(_h); }

    // This are semantically-aware node insertion functions that only kills when the node's
    // data is < 32 bytes. It can safely be used when pruning the trie but won't work correctly
    // for the special case of the root (which is always looked up via a hash). In that case,
    // use forceKillNode().
    void killNode(RLP const& _d) { if (_d.data().size() >= 32) forceKillNode(sha3(_d.data())); }
    void killNode(RLP const& _d, h256 const& _h) { if (_d.data().size() >= 32) forceKillNode(_h); }

    h256 m_root;
    DB* m_db = nullptr;
};

template <class DB>
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& _out, GenericTrieDB<DB> const& _db)
{
    for (auto const& i: _db)
        _out << escaped(i.first.toString(), false) << ": " << escaped(i.second.toString(), false) << std::endl;
    return _out;
}

template <class Generic, class _KeyType>
class SpecificTrieDB: public Generic
{
public:
    using DB = typename Generic::DB;
    using KeyType = _KeyType;

    SpecificTrieDB(DB* _db = nullptr): Generic(_db) {}
    SpecificTrieDB(DB* _db, h256 _root, Verification _v = Verification::Normal): Generic(_db, _root, _v) {}

    std::string operator[](KeyType _k) const { return at(_k); }

    bool contains(KeyType _k) const { return Generic::contains(bytesConstRef((byte const*)&_k, sizeof(KeyType))); }
    std::string at(KeyType _k) const { return Generic::at(bytesConstRef((byte const*)&_k, sizeof(KeyType))); }
    void insert(KeyType _k, bytesConstRef _value) { Generic::insert(bytesConstRef((byte const*)&_k, sizeof(KeyType)), _value); }
    void insert(KeyType _k, bytes const& _value) { insert(_k, bytesConstRef(&_value)); }
    void remove(KeyType _k) { Generic::remove(bytesConstRef((byte const*)&_k, sizeof(KeyType))); }

    class iterator: public Generic::iterator
    {
    public:
        using Super = typename Generic::iterator;
        using value_type = std::pair<KeyType, bytesConstRef>;

        iterator() {}
        iterator(Generic const* _db): Super(_db) {}
        iterator(Generic const* _db, bytesConstRef _k): Super(_db, _k) {}

        value_type operator*() const { return at(); }
        value_type operator->() const { return at(); }

        value_type at() const;
    };

    iterator begin() const { return this; }
    iterator end() const { return iterator(); }
    iterator lower_bound(KeyType _k) const { return iterator(this, bytesConstRef((byte const*)&_k, sizeof(KeyType))); }
};

template <class Generic, class KeyType>
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& _out, SpecificTrieDB<Generic, KeyType> const& _db)
{
    for (auto const& i: _db)
        _out << i.first << ": " << escaped(i.second.toString(), false) << std::endl;
    return _out;
}

template <class _DB>
class HashedGenericTrieDB: private SpecificTrieDB<GenericTrieDB<_DB>, h256>
{
    using Super = SpecificTrieDB<GenericTrieDB<_DB>, h256>;

public:
    using DB = _DB;

    HashedGenericTrieDB(DB* _db = nullptr): Super(_db) {}
    HashedGenericTrieDB(DB* _db, h256 _root, Verification _v = Verification::Normal): Super(_db, _root, _v) {}

    using Super::open;
    using Super::init;
    using Super::setRoot;

    using Super::isNull;
    using Super::isEmpty;

    using Super::root;
    using Super::db;

    using Super::leftOvers;
    using Super::check;
    using Super::debugStructure;

    std::string at(bytesConstRef _key) const { return Super::at(sha3(_key)); }
    bool contains(bytesConstRef _key) const { return Super::contains(sha3(_key)); }
    void insert(bytesConstRef _key, bytesConstRef _value) { Super::insert(sha3(_key), _value); }
    void remove(bytesConstRef _key) { Super::remove(sha3(_key)); }

    // empty from the PoV of the iterator interface; still need a basic iterator impl though.
    class iterator
    {
    public:
        using value_type = std::pair<bytesConstRef, bytesConstRef>;

        iterator() {}
        iterator(HashedGenericTrieDB const*) {}
        iterator(HashedGenericTrieDB const*, bytesConstRef) {}

        iterator& operator++() { return *this; }
        value_type operator*() const { return value_type(); }
        value_type operator->() const { return value_type(); }

        bool operator==(iterator const&) const { return true; }
        bool operator!=(iterator const&) const { return false; }

        value_type at() const { return value_type(); }
    };
    iterator begin() const { return iterator(); }
    iterator end() const { return iterator(); }
    iterator lower_bound(bytesConstRef) const { return iterator(); }
};

// Hashed & Hash-key mapping
template <class _DB>
class FatGenericTrieDB: private SpecificTrieDB<GenericTrieDB<_DB>, h256>
{
    using Super = SpecificTrieDB<GenericTrieDB<_DB>, h256>;

public:
    using DB = _DB;
    FatGenericTrieDB(DB* _db = nullptr): Super(_db) {}
    FatGenericTrieDB(DB* _db, h256 _root, Verification _v = Verification::Normal): Super(_db, _root, _v) {}

    using Super::init;
    using Super::isNull;
    using Super::isEmpty;
    using Super::root;
    using Super::leftOvers;
    using Super::check;
    using Super::open;
    using Super::setRoot;
    using Super::db;
    using Super::debugStructure;

    std::string at(bytesConstRef _key) const { return Super::at(sha3(_key)); }
    bool contains(bytesConstRef _key) const { return Super::contains(sha3(_key)); }
    void insert(bytesConstRef _key, bytesConstRef _value)
    {
        h256 hash = sha3(_key);
        Super::insert(hash, _value);
        Super::db()->insertAux(hash, _key);
    }

    void remove(bytesConstRef _key) { Super::remove(sha3(_key)); }

    // iterates over <key, value> pairs
    class iterator: public GenericTrieDB<_DB>::iterator
    {
    public:
        using Super = typename GenericTrieDB<_DB>::iterator;

        iterator() { }
        iterator(FatGenericTrieDB const* _trie) : Super(_trie) { }

        typename Super::value_type at() const
        {
            auto hashed = Super::at();
            m_key = static_cast<FatGenericTrieDB const*>(Super::m_that)->db()->lookupAux(h256(hashed.first));
            return std::make_pair(&m_key, std::move(hashed.second));
        }

    private:
        mutable bytes m_key;
    };

    iterator begin() const { return iterator(); }
    iterator end() const { return iterator(); }

    // iterates over <hashedKey, value> pairs
    class HashedIterator: public GenericTrieDB<_DB>::iterator
    {
    public:
        using Super = typename GenericTrieDB<_DB>::iterator;

        HashedIterator() {}
        HashedIterator(FatGenericTrieDB const* _trie) : Super(_trie) {}
        HashedIterator(FatGenericTrieDB const* _trie, bytesConstRef _hashedKey): Super(_trie, _hashedKey) {}

        bytes key() const
        {
            auto hashed = Super::at();
            return static_cast<FatGenericTrieDB const*>(Super::m_that)->db()->lookupAux(h256(hashed.first));
        }
    };

    HashedIterator hashedBegin() const { return HashedIterator(this); }
    HashedIterator hashedEnd() const { return HashedIterator(); }
    HashedIterator hashedLowerBound(h256 const& _hashedKey) const { return HashedIterator(this, _hashedKey.ref()); }
};

template <class KeyType, class DB> using TrieDB = SpecificTrieDB<GenericTrieDB<DB>, KeyType>;

}

// Template implementations...
namespace dev
{

template <class DB> GenericTrieDB<DB>::iterator::iterator(GenericTrieDB const* _db)
{
    m_that = _db;
    m_trail.push_back({_db->node(_db->m_root), std::string(1, '\0'), 255}); // one null byte is the HPE for the empty key.
    next();
}

template <class DB> GenericTrieDB<DB>::iterator::iterator(GenericTrieDB const* _db, bytesConstRef _fullKey)
{
    m_that = _db;
    m_trail.push_back({_db->node(_db->m_root), std::string(1, '\0'), 255}); // one null byte is the HPE for the empty key.
    next(_fullKey);
}

template <class DB> typename GenericTrieDB<DB>::iterator::value_type GenericTrieDB<DB>::iterator::at() const
{
    assert(m_trail.size());
    Node const& b = m_trail.back();
    assert(b.key.size());
    assert(!(b.key[0] & 0x10)); // should be an integer number of bytes (i.e. not an odd number of nibbles).

    RLP rlp(b.rlp);
    return std::make_pair(bytesConstRef(b.key).cropped(1), rlp[rlp.itemCount() == 2 ? 1 : 16].payload());
}

template <class DB> void GenericTrieDB<DB>::iterator::next(NibbleSlice _key)
{
    NibbleSlice k = _key;
    while (true)
    {
        if (m_trail.empty())
        {
            m_that = nullptr;
            return;
        }

        Node const& b = m_trail.back();
        RLP rlp(b.rlp);

        if (m_trail.back().child == 255)
        {
            // Entering. Look for first...
            if (rlp.isEmpty())
            {
                // Kill our search as soon as we hit an empty node.
                k.clear();
                m_trail.pop_back();
                continue;
            }
            if (!rlp.isList() || (rlp.itemCount() != 2 && rlp.itemCount() != 17))
            {
#if ETH_PARANOIA
                cwarn << "BIG FAT ERROR. STATE TRIE CORRUPTED!!!!!";
                cwarn << b.rlp.size() << toHex(b.rlp);
                cwarn << rlp;
                auto c = rlp.itemCount();
                cwarn << c;
                BOOST_THROW_EXCEPTION(InvalidTrie());
#else
                m_that = nullptr;
                return;
#endif
            }
            if (rlp.itemCount() == 2)
            {
                // Just turn it into a valid Branch
                auto keyOfRLP = keyOf(rlp);

                // TODO: do something different depending on how keyOfRLP compares to k.mid(0, std::min(k.size(), keyOfRLP.size()));
                // if == all is good - continue descent.
                // if > discard key and continue descent.
                // if < discard key and skip node.

                if (!k.contains(keyOfRLP))
                {
                    if (!k.isEarlierThan(keyOfRLP))
                    {
                        k.clear();
                        m_trail.pop_back();
                        continue;
                    }
                    k.clear();
                }

                k = k.mid(std::min(k.size(), keyOfRLP.size()));
                m_trail.back().key = hexPrefixEncode(keyOf(m_trail.back().key), keyOfRLP, false);
                if (isLeaf(rlp))
                {
                    // leaf - exit now.
                    if (k.empty())
                    {
                        m_trail.back().child = 0;
                        return;
                    }
                    // Still data in key we're supposed to be looking for when we're at a leaf. Go for next one.
                    k.clear();
                    m_trail.pop_back();
                    continue;
                }

                // enter child.
                m_trail.back().rlp = m_that->deref(rlp[1]);
                // no need to set .child as 255 - it's already done.
                continue;
            }
            else
            {
                // Already a branch - look for first valid.
                if (k.size())
                {
                    m_trail.back().setChild(k[0]);
                    k = k.mid(1);
                }
                else
                    m_trail.back().setChild(16);
                // run through to...
            }
        }
        else
        {
            // Continuing/exiting. Look for next...
            if (!(rlp.isList() && rlp.itemCount() == 17))
            {
                k.clear();
                m_trail.pop_back();
                continue;
            }
            // else run through to...
            m_trail.back().incrementChild();
        }

        // ...here. should only get here if we're a list.
        assert(rlp.isList() && rlp.itemCount() == 17);
        for (;; m_trail.back().incrementChild())
            if (m_trail.back().child == 17)
            {
                // finished here.
                k.clear();
                m_trail.pop_back();
                break;
            }
            else if (!rlp[m_trail.back().child].isEmpty())
            {
                if (m_trail.back().child == 16)
                    return; // have a value at this node - exit now.
                else
                {
                    // lead-on to another node - enter child.
                    // fixed so that Node passed into push_back is constructed *before* m_trail is potentially resized (which invalidates back and rlp)
                    Node const& back = m_trail.back();
                    m_trail.push_back(Node{
                        m_that->deref(rlp[back.child]),
                         hexPrefixEncode(keyOf(back.key), NibbleSlice(bytesConstRef(&back.child, 1), 1), false),
                         255
                        });
                    break;
                }
            }
        else
            k.clear();
    }
}

template <class DB> void GenericTrieDB<DB>::iterator::next()
{
    while (true)
    {
        if (m_trail.empty())
        {
            m_that = nullptr;
            return;
        }

        Node const& b = m_trail.back();
        RLP rlp(b.rlp);

        if (m_trail.back().child == 255)
        {
            // Entering. Look for first...
            if (rlp.isEmpty())
            {
                m_trail.pop_back();
                continue;
            }
            if (!(rlp.isList() && (rlp.itemCount() == 2 || rlp.itemCount() == 17)))
            {
#if ETH_PARANOIA
                cwarn << "BIG FAT ERROR. STATE TRIE CORRUPTED!!!!!";
                cwarn << b.rlp.size() << toHex(b.rlp);
                cwarn << rlp;
                auto c = rlp.itemCount();
                cwarn << c;
                BOOST_THROW_EXCEPTION(InvalidTrie());
#else
                m_that = nullptr;
                return;
#endif
            }
            if (rlp.itemCount() == 2)
            {
                // Just turn it into a valid Branch
                m_trail.back().key = hexPrefixEncode(keyOf(m_trail.back().key), keyOf(rlp), false);
                if (isLeaf(rlp))
                {
                    // leaf - exit now.
                    m_trail.back().child = 0;
                    return;
                }

                // enter child.
                m_trail.back().rlp = m_that->deref(rlp[1]);
                // no need to set .child as 255 - it's already done.
                continue;
            }
            else
            {
                // Already a branch - look for first valid.
                m_trail.back().setFirstChild();
                // run through to...
            }
        }
        else
        {
            // Continuing/exiting. Look for next...
            if (!(rlp.isList() && rlp.itemCount() == 17))
            {
                m_trail.pop_back();
                continue;
            }
            // else run through to...
            m_trail.back().incrementChild();
        }

        // ...here. should only get here if we're a list.
        assert(rlp.isList() && rlp.itemCount() == 17);
        for (;; m_trail.back().incrementChild())
            if (m_trail.back().child == 17)
            {
                // finished here.
                m_trail.pop_back();
                break;
            }
            else if (!rlp[m_trail.back().child].isEmpty())
            {
                if (m_trail.back().child == 16)
                    return; // have a value at this node - exit now.
                else
                {
                    // lead-on to another node - enter child.
                    // fixed so that Node passed into push_back is constructed *before* m_trail is potentially resized (which invalidates back and rlp)
                    Node const& back = m_trail.back();
                    m_trail.push_back(Node{
                        m_that->deref(rlp[back.child]),
                         hexPrefixEncode(keyOf(back.key), NibbleSlice(bytesConstRef(&back.child, 1), 1), false),
                         255
                        });
                    break;
                }
            }
    }
}

template <class KeyType, class DB> typename SpecificTrieDB<KeyType, DB>::iterator::value_type SpecificTrieDB<KeyType, DB>::iterator::at() const
{
    auto p = Super::at();
    value_type ret;
    assert(p.first.size() == sizeof(KeyType));
    memcpy(&ret.first, p.first.data(), sizeof(KeyType));
    ret.second = p.second;
    return ret;
}

template <class DB> void GenericTrieDB<DB>::insert(bytesConstRef _key, bytesConstRef _value)
{
    std::string rootValue = node(m_root);
    assert(rootValue.size());
    bytes b = mergeAt(RLP(rootValue), m_root, NibbleSlice(_key), _value);

    // mergeAt won't attempt to delete the node if it's less than 32 bytes
    // However, we know it's the root node and thus always hashed.
    // So, if it's less than 32 (and thus should have been deleted but wasn't) then we delete it here.
    if (rootValue.size() < 32)
        forceKillNode(m_root);
    m_root = forceInsertNode(&b);
}

template <class DB> std::string GenericTrieDB<DB>::at(bytesConstRef _key) const
{
    return atAux(RLP(node(m_root)), _key);
}

template <class DB> std::string GenericTrieDB<DB>::atAux(RLP const& _here, NibbleSlice _key) const
{
    if (_here.isEmpty() || _here.isNull())
        // not found.
        return std::string();
    unsigned itemCount = _here.itemCount();
    assert(_here.isList() && (itemCount == 2 || itemCount == 17));
    if (itemCount == 2)
    {
        auto k = keyOf(_here);
        if (_key == k && isLeaf(_here))
            // reached leaf and it's us
            return _here[1].toString();
        else if (_key.contains(k) && !isLeaf(_here))
            // not yet at leaf and it might yet be us. onwards...
            return atAux(_here[1].isList() ? _here[1] : RLP(node(_here[1].toHash<h256>())), _key.mid(k.size()));
        else
            // not us.
            return std::string();
    }
    else
    {
        if (_key.size() == 0)
            return _here[16].toString();
        auto n = _here[_key[0]];
        if (n.isEmpty())
            return std::string();
        else
            return atAux(n.isList() ? n : RLP(node(n.toHash<h256>())), _key.mid(1));
    }
}

template <class DB> bytes GenericTrieDB<DB>::mergeAt(RLP const& _orig, NibbleSlice _k, bytesConstRef _v, bool _inLine)
{
    return mergeAt(_orig, sha3(_orig.data()), _k, _v, _inLine);
}

template <class DB> bytes GenericTrieDB<DB>::mergeAt(RLP const& _orig, h256 const& _origHash, NibbleSlice _k, bytesConstRef _v, bool _inLine)
{
    // The caller will make sure that the bytes are inserted properly.
    // - This might mean inserting an entry into m_over
    // We will take care to ensure that (our reference to) _orig is killed.

    // Empty - just insert here
    if (_orig.isEmpty())
        return place(_orig, _k, _v);

    unsigned itemCount = _orig.itemCount();
    assert(_orig.isList() && (itemCount == 2 || itemCount == 17));
    if (itemCount == 2)
    {
        // pair...
        NibbleSlice k = keyOf(_orig);

        // exactly our node - place value in directly.
        if (k == _k && isLeaf(_orig))
            return place(_orig, _k, _v);

        // partial key is our key - move down.
        if (_k.contains(k) && !isLeaf(_orig))
        {
            if (!_inLine)
                killNode(_orig, _origHash);
            RLPStream s(2);
            s.append(_orig[0]);
            mergeAtAux(s, _orig[1], _k.mid(k.size()), _v);
            return s.out();
        }

        auto sh = _k.shared(k);
//      std::cout << _k << " sh " << k << " = " << sh << std::endl;
        if (sh)
        {
            // shared stuff - cleve at disagreement.
            auto cleved = cleve(_orig, sh);
            return mergeAt(RLP(cleved), _k, _v, true);
        }
        else
        {
            // nothing shared - branch
            auto branched = branch(_orig);
            return mergeAt(RLP(branched), _k, _v, true);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        // branch...

        // exactly our node - place value.
        if (_k.size() == 0)
            return place(_orig, _k, _v);

        // Kill the node.
        if (!_inLine)
            killNode(_orig, _origHash);

        // not exactly our node - delve to next level at the correct index.
        byte n = _k[0];
        RLPStream r(17);
        for (byte i = 0; i < 17; ++i)
            if (i == n)
                mergeAtAux(r, _orig[i], _k.mid(1), _v);
            else
                r.append(_orig[i]);
        return r.out();
    }

}

template <class DB> void GenericTrieDB<DB>::mergeAtAux(RLPStream& _out, RLP const& _orig, NibbleSlice _k, bytesConstRef _v)
{
    RLP r = _orig;
    std::string s;
    // _orig is always a segment of a node's RLP - removing it alone is pointless. However, if may be a hash, in which case we deref and we know it is removable.
    bool isRemovable = false;
    if (!r.isList() && !r.isEmpty())
    {
        h256 h = _orig.toHash<h256>();
        //        std::cerr << "going down non-inline node " << h << "\n";
        s = node(h);
        r = RLP(s);
        assert(!r.isNull());
        isRemovable = true;
    }
    bytes b = mergeAt(r, _k, _v, !isRemovable);
    streamNode(_out, b);
}

template <class DB> void GenericTrieDB<DB>::remove(bytesConstRef _key)
{
    std::string rv = node(m_root);
    bytes b = deleteAt(RLP(rv), NibbleSlice(_key));
    if (b.size())
    {
        if (rv.size() < 32)
            forceKillNode(m_root);
        m_root = forceInsertNode(&b);
    }
}

template <class DB> bool GenericTrieDB<DB>::isTwoItemNode(RLP const& _n) const
{
    return (_n.isData() && RLP(node(_n.toHash<h256>())).itemCount() == 2)
            || (_n.isList() && _n.itemCount() == 2);
}

template <class DB> std::string GenericTrieDB<DB>::deref(RLP const& _n) const
{
    return _n.isList() ? _n.data().toString() : node(_n.toHash<h256>());
}

template <class DB> bytes GenericTrieDB<DB>::deleteAt(RLP const& _orig, NibbleSlice _k)
{
    // The caller will make sure that the bytes are inserted properly.
    // - This might mean inserting an entry into m_over
    // We will take care to ensure that (our reference to) _orig is killed.

    // Empty - not found - no change.
    if (_orig.isEmpty())
        return bytes();

    assert(_orig.isList() && (_orig.itemCount() == 2 || _orig.itemCount() == 17));
    if (_orig.itemCount() == 2)
    {
        // pair...
        NibbleSlice k = keyOf(_orig);

        // exactly our node - return null.
        if (k == _k && isLeaf(_orig))
        {
            killNode(_orig);
            return RLPNull;
        }

        // partial key is our key - move down.
        if (_k.contains(k))
        {
            RLPStream s;
            s.appendList(2) << _orig[0];
            if (!deleteAtAux(s, _orig[1], _k.mid(k.size())))
                return bytes();
            killNode(_orig);
            RLP r(s.out());
            if (isTwoItemNode(r[1]))
                return graft(r);
            return s.out();
        }
        else
            // not found - no change.
            return bytes();
    }
    else
    {
        // branch...

        // exactly our node - remove and rejig.
        if (_k.size() == 0 && !_orig[16].isEmpty())
        {
            // Kill the node.
            killNode(_orig);

            byte used = uniqueInUse(_orig, 16);
            if (used != 255)
                if (isTwoItemNode(_orig[used]))
                {
                    auto merged = merge(_orig, used);
                    return graft(RLP(merged));
                }
                else
                    return merge(_orig, used);
            else
            {
                RLPStream r(17);
                for (byte i = 0; i < 16; ++i)
                    r << _orig[i];
                r << "";
                return r.out();
            }
        }
        else
        {
            // not exactly our node - delve to next level at the correct index.
            RLPStream r(17);
            byte n = _k[0];
            for (byte i = 0; i < 17; ++i)
                if (i == n)
                {
                    if (!deleteAtAux(r, _orig[i], _k.mid(1)))   // bomb out if the key didn't turn up.
                        return bytes();
                }
                else
                    r << _orig[i];

            // Kill the node.
            killNode(_orig);

            // check if we ended up leaving the node invalid.
            RLP rlp(r.out());
            byte used = uniqueInUse(rlp, 255);
            if (used == 255)    // no - all ok.
                return r.out();

            // yes; merge
            if (isTwoItemNode(rlp[used]))
            {
                auto merged = merge(rlp, used);
                return graft(RLP(merged));
            }
            else
                return merge(rlp, used);
        }
    }

}

template <class DB> bool GenericTrieDB<DB>::deleteAtAux(RLPStream& _out, RLP const& _orig, NibbleSlice _k)
{

    bytes b = _orig.isEmpty() ? bytes() : deleteAt(_orig.isList() ? _orig : RLP(node(_orig.toHash<h256>())), _k);

    if (!b.size())  // not found - no change.
        return false;

/*  if (_orig.isList())
        killNode(_orig);
    else
        killNode(_orig.toHash<h256>());*/

    streamNode(_out, b);
    return true;
}

template <class DB> bytes GenericTrieDB<DB>::place(RLP const& _orig, NibbleSlice _k, bytesConstRef _s)
{
    killNode(_orig);
    if (_orig.isEmpty())
        return rlpList(hexPrefixEncode(_k, true), _s);

    assert(_orig.isList() && (_orig.itemCount() == 2 || _orig.itemCount() == 17));
    if (_orig.itemCount() == 2)
        return rlpList(_orig[0], _s);

    auto s = RLPStream(17);
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < 16; ++i)
        s << _orig[i];
    s << _s;
    return s.out();
}

// in1: [K, S] (DEL)
// out1: null
// in2: [V0, ..., V15, S] (DEL)
// out2: [V0, ..., V15, null] iff exists i: !!Vi  -- OR --  null otherwise
template <class DB> bytes GenericTrieDB<DB>::remove(RLP const& _orig)
{
    killNode(_orig);

    assert(_orig.isList() && (_orig.itemCount() == 2 || _orig.itemCount() == 17));
    if (_orig.itemCount() == 2)
        return RLPNull;
    RLPStream r(17);
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < 16; ++i)
        r << _orig[i];
    r << "";
    return r.out();
}

template <class DB> RLPStream& GenericTrieDB<DB>::streamNode(RLPStream& _s, bytes const& _b)
{
    if (_b.size() < 32)
        _s.appendRaw(_b);
    else
        _s.append(forceInsertNode(&_b));
    return _s;
}

template <class DB> bytes GenericTrieDB<DB>::cleve(RLP const& _orig, unsigned _s)
{
    killNode(_orig);
    assert(_orig.isList() && _orig.itemCount() == 2);
    auto k = keyOf(_orig);
    assert(_s && _s <= k.size());

    RLPStream bottom(2);
    bottom << hexPrefixEncode(k, isLeaf(_orig), /*ugh*/(int)_s) << _orig[1];

    RLPStream top(2);
    top << hexPrefixEncode(k, false, 0, /*ugh*/(int)_s);
    streamNode(top, bottom.out());

    return top.out();
}

template <class DB> bytes GenericTrieDB<DB>::graft(RLP const& _orig)
{
    assert(_orig.isList() && _orig.itemCount() == 2);
    std::string s;
    RLP n;
    if (_orig[1].isList())
        n = _orig[1];
    else
    {
        // remove second item from the trie after derefrencing it into s & n.
        auto lh = _orig[1].toHash<h256>();
        s = node(lh);
        forceKillNode(lh);
        n = RLP(s);
    }
    assert(n.itemCount() == 2);

    return rlpList(hexPrefixEncode(keyOf(_orig), keyOf(n), isLeaf(n)), n[1]);
//  auto ret =
//  std::cout << keyOf(_orig) << " ++ " << keyOf(n) << " == " << keyOf(RLP(ret)) << std::endl;
//  return ret;
}

template <class DB> bytes GenericTrieDB<DB>::merge(RLP const& _orig, byte _i)
{
    assert(_orig.isList() && _orig.itemCount() == 17);
    RLPStream s(2);
    if (_i != 16)
    {
        assert(!_orig[_i].isEmpty());
        s << hexPrefixEncode(bytesConstRef(&_i, 1), false, 1, 2, 0);
    }
    else
        s << hexPrefixEncode(bytes(), true);
    s << _orig[_i];
    return s.out();
}

template <class DB> bytes GenericTrieDB<DB>::branch(RLP const& _orig)
{
    assert(_orig.isList() && _orig.itemCount() == 2);
    killNode(_orig);

    auto k = keyOf(_orig);
    RLPStream r(17);
    if (k.size() == 0)
    {
        assert(isLeaf(_orig));
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < 16; ++i)
            r << "";
        r << _orig[1];
    }
    else
    {
        byte b = k[0];
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < 16; ++i)
            if (i == b)
                if (isLeaf(_orig) || k.size() > 1)
                    streamNode(r, rlpList(hexPrefixEncode(k.mid(1), isLeaf(_orig)), _orig[1]));
                else
                    r << _orig[1];
            else
                r << "";
        r << "";
    }
    return r.out();
}

}