#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

"""
This module is a general class *GeoBase* to manipulate geographical
data. It loads static csv files containing data about
airports or train stations, and then provides tools to browse it.

It relies on three other modules:

- *GeoUtils*: to compute haversine distances between points
- *LevenshteinUtils*: to calculate distances between strings. Indeed, we need
  a good tool to do it, in order to recognize things like station names
  in schedule files where we do not have the station id
- *GeoGridModule*: to handle geographical indexation

Examples for airports::

    >>> geo_a = GeoBase(data='airports', verbose=False)
    >>> sorted(geo_a.findNearKey('ORY', 50)) # Orly, airports <= 50km
    [(0.0, 'ORY'), (18.8..., 'TNF'), (27.8..., 'LBG'), (34.8..., 'CDG')]
    >>> geo_a.get('CDG', 'city_code')
    'PAR'
    >>> geo_a.distance('CDG', 'NCE')
    694.5162...


Examples for stations::

    >>> geo_t = GeoBase(data='stations', verbose=False)
    >>>
    >>> # Nice, stations <= 5km
    >>> [geo_t.get(k, 'name') for d, k in sorted(geo_t.findNearPoint((43.70, 7.26), 5))]
    ['Nice-Ville', 'Nice-Riquier', 'Nice-St-Roch', 'Villefranche-sur-Mer', 'Nice-St-Augustin']
    >>>
    >>> geo_t.get('frpaz', 'name')
    'Paris-Austerlitz'
    >>> geo_t.distance('frnic', 'frpaz')
    683.526...

From any point of reference, we have a few duplicates
even with ``('iata_code', 'location_type')`` key:

    >>> geo = GeoBase(data='ori_por_multi')
    In skipped zone, dropping line 1: "iata_code...".
    /!\ [lno ...] RDU+CA is duplicated #1, first found lno ...
    /!\ [lno ...] RDU+CA is duplicated #2, first found lno ...
    /!\ [lno ...] RDU+CA is duplicated #3, first found lno ...
    Import successful from ...
    Available fields for things: ...
"""

from __future__ import with_statement

import os
import os.path as op
import heapq
from itertools import izip_longest, count
import csv
import json
from shutil import copy
from urllib import urlretrieve

# Not in standard library
import yaml
from fuzzy import DMetaphone, nysiis
dmeta = DMetaphone()

from .GeoUtils         import haversine
from .LevenshteinUtils import mod_leven, clean
from .GeoGridModule    import GeoGrid


try:
    # This wrapper will raise an ImportError
    # if libopentrep cannot be found
    # or if OpenTrepWrapper was not installed
    from OpenTrepWrapper import main_trep

except ImportError as err:
    # Could not import
    HAS_TREP_SUPPORT = False
else:
    # No problem here
    HAS_TREP_SUPPORT = True


# Relative paths handling
def relative(rel_path, root=op.dirname(__file__)):
    """Handle relative paths.
    """
    return op.join(op.realpath(root), rel_path)


# Path to global configuration
SOURCES_CONF_PATH = relative('DataSources/Sources.yaml')

with open(SOURCES_CONF_PATH) as fl:
    SOURCES = yaml.load(fl)

# Root folder where we find data
SOURCES_DIR = op.dirname(SOURCES_CONF_PATH)

# Special fields for latitude and longitude recognition
LAT_FIELD  = 'lat'
LNG_FIELD  = 'lng'
GEO_FIELDS = (LAT_FIELD, LNG_FIELD)

# Default min match for fuzzy searches
MIN_MATCH  = 0.75
RADIUS     = 50
NB_CLOSEST = 1

# Remote prefix detection
PREFIXES  = set(['http://', 'https://'])
is_remote = lambda path: any(path.lower().startswith(p) for p in PREFIXES)

# Loading indicator
NB_LINES_STEP = 100000

# Assets for map and tables
ASSETS = {
    'map' : {
        'template' : {
            # source : v_target
            relative('MapAssets/template.html') : '%s_map.html',
        },
        'static' : {
            # source : target
            relative('MapAssets/map.js')            : 'map.js',
            relative('MapAssets/point.png')         : 'point.png',
            relative('MapAssets/marker.png')        : 'marker.png',
            relative('MapAssets/red_point.png')     : 'red_point.png',
            relative('MapAssets/red_marker.png')    : 'red_marker.png',
            relative('MapAssets/orange_point.png')  : 'orange_point.png',
            relative('MapAssets/orange_marker.png') : 'orange_marker.png',
            relative('MapAssets/yellow_point.png')  : 'yellow_point.png',
            relative('MapAssets/yellow_marker.png') : 'yellow_marker.png',
            relative('MapAssets/green_point.png')   : 'green_point.png',
            relative('MapAssets/green_marker.png')  : 'green_marker.png',
            relative('MapAssets/cyan_point.png')    : 'cyan_point.png',
            relative('MapAssets/cyan_marker.png')   : 'cyan_marker.png',
            relative('MapAssets/blue_point.png')    : 'blue_point.png',
            relative('MapAssets/blue_marker.png')   : 'blue_marker.png',
            relative('MapAssets/purple_point.png')  : 'purple_point.png',
            relative('MapAssets/purple_marker.png') : 'purple_marker.png',
            relative('MapAssets/black_point.png')   : 'black_point.png',
            relative('MapAssets/black_marker.png')  : 'black_marker.png',
        }
    },
    'table' : {
        'template' : {
            # source : v_target
            relative('TablesAssets/template.html') : '%s_table.html',
        },
        'static' : {
            # source : target
            relative('TablesAssets/table.js') : 'table.js',
        }
    }
}



# We only export the main class
__all__ = ['GeoBase', 'SOURCES', 'SOURCES_CONF_PATH', 'SOURCES_DIR']


class GeoBase(object):
    """
    This is the main and only class. After __init__,
    a file is loaded in memory, and the user may use
    the instance to get information.
    """

    @staticmethod
    def checkDataUpdates(force=False):
        """Launch update script on data files.
        """
        script_path  = relative('DataSources/CheckDataUpdates.sh')
        force_option = '-f' if force else ''

        os.system('bash %s %s' % (script_path, force_option))


    def __init__(self, data, **kwargs):
        """Initialization

        The ``kwargs`` parameters given when creating the object may be:

        - source        : ``None`` by default, file-like to the source
        - headers       : ``[]`` by default, list of fields in the data
        - key_fields    : ``None`` by default, list of fields defining the \
                key for a line, ``None`` means line numbers will be used \
                to generate keys
        - indices       : ``[]`` by default, an iterable of additional \
                indexed fields
        - delimiter     : ``'^'`` by default, delimiter for each field,
        - subdelimiters : ``{}`` by default, a ``{ 'field' : 'delimiter' }`` \
                dict to define subdelimiters
        - quotechar     : ``'"'`` by default, this is the string defined for \
                quoting
        - limit         : ``None`` by default, put an int if you want to \
                load only the first lines
        - skip          : ``None`` by default, put an int if you want to \
                skip the first lines during loading
        - discard_dups  : ``False`` by default, boolean to discard key \
                duplicates or handle them
        - verbose       : ``True`` by default, toggle verbosity

        :param data: the type of data, ``'airports'``, ``'stations'``, \
                and many more available. ``'feed'`` will create an empty \
                instance.
        :param kwargs: additional parameters
        :raises:  ValueError, if data parameters is not recognized
        :returns: None

        >>> geo_a = GeoBase(data='airports')
        Import successful from ...
        Available fields for things: ...
        >>> geo_t = GeoBase(data='stations')
        Import successful from ...
        Available fields for things: ...
        >>> geo_f = GeoBase(data='feed')
        No source specified, skipping loading...
        Available fields for things: ...
        No geocode support, skipping grid...
        >>> geo_c = GeoBase(data='odd')
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ValueError: Wrong data type. Not in ['airlines', ...]

        Import of local data.

        >>> fl = open(relative('DataSources/Airports/GeoNames/airports_geonames_only_clean.csv'))
        >>> GeoBase(data='feed',
        ...         source=fl,
        ...         headers=['iata_code', 'name', 'city'],
        ...         key_fields='iata_code',
        ...         delimiter='^',
        ...         verbose=False).get('ORY')
        {'city': 'PAR', 'name': 'Paris-Orly', 'iata_code': 'ORY', '__gar__': 'FR^France^48.7252780^2.3594440', '__par__': [], '__dup__': [], '__key__': 'ORY', '__lno__': 798}
        >>> fl.close()
        >>> GeoBase(data='airports',
        ...         headers=['iata_code', 'name', 'city'],
        ...         verbose=False).get('ORY')
        {'city': 'PAR', 'name': 'Paris-Orly', 'iata_code': 'ORY', '__gar__': 'FR^France^48.7252780^2.3594440', '__par__': [], '__dup__': [], '__key__': 'ORY', '__lno__': 798}
        """
        # Main structure in which everything will be loaded
        # Dictionary of dictionary
        self._things  = {}
        self._indexed = {}
        self._ggrid   = None

        # A cache for the fuzzy searches
        self._fuzzy_cache = {}
        # An other cache if the algorithms are failing on a single
        # example, we first look in this cache
        self._fuzzy_bias_cache = {}

        # This will be similar as _headers, but can be modified after loading
        # _headers is just for data loading
        self.fields = []
        self.data   = data
        self.loaded = None # loaded stuff information, depends on sources and paths

        # Defaults
        props = {
            'source'        : None,  # not for configuration file, use path/local
            'headers'       : [],
            'key_fields'    : None,
            'indices'       : [],
            'delimiter'     : '^',
            'subdelimiters' : {},
            'quotechar'     : '"',
            'limit'         : None,
            'skip'          : None,
            'discard_dups'  : False,
            'verbose'       : True,
            'paths'         : None,  # only for configuration file
            'local'         : True,  # only for configuration file
        }

        allowed_conf = set(props.keys()) - set(['source'])
        allowed_args = set(props.keys()) - set(['paths', 'local'])

        if data in SOURCES:
            conf = SOURCES[data]

            # The configuration may be empty
            if conf is None:
                conf = {}

            # File configuration overrides defaults
            for option in conf:
                if option in allowed_conf:
                    props[option] = conf[option]
                else:
                    raise ValueError('Option "%s" for data "%s" not understood in file.' % (option, data))

        else:
            raise ValueError('Wrong data type. Not in %s' % sorted(SOURCES.keys()))

        # User input overrides default configuration
        # or file configuration
        for option in kwargs:
            if option in allowed_args:
                props[option] = kwargs[option]
            else:
                raise ValueError('Option "%s" not understood in arguments.' % option)

        # Final parameters affectation
        self._source        = props['source']
        self._headers       = props['headers']
        self._key_fields    = props['key_fields']
        self._indices       = props['indices']
        self._delimiter     = props['delimiter']
        self._subdelimiters = props['subdelimiters']
        self._quotechar     = props['quotechar']
        self._limit         = props['limit']
        self._skip          = props['skip']
        self._discard_dups  = props['discard_dups']
        self._verbose       = props['verbose']
        self._paths         = props['paths']
        self._local         = props['local']

        # Tweaks on types, fail on wrong values
        self._checkProperties()

        # Loading data
        if self._source is not None:
            # As a keyword argument, source should be a file-like
            self._load(self._source, self._verbose)
            self.loaded = self._source

        elif self._paths is not None:
            # Here we read the source from the configuration file
            for path in self._paths:

                if is_remote(path):
                    success, dl_file = download_if_not_here(path, op.basename(path), self._verbose)
                    if not success:
                        if self._verbose:
                            print '/!\ Failed to download "%s", failing over...' % path
                        continue
                    path = dl_file

                try:
                    with open(path) as source_fl:
                        self._load(source_fl, self._verbose)
                except IOError:
                    if self._verbose:
                        print '/!\ Failed to open "%s", failing over...' % path
                else:
                    self.loaded = path
                    break
            else:
                # Here the loop did not break, meaning nothing was loaded
                # We will go here even if self._paths was []
                raise IOError('Nothing was loaded from:\n - %s' % '\n - '.join(self._paths))

        else:
            # We add those default fields if user adds data with self.set
            self.fields = ['__key__', '__dup__', '__par__', '__lno__', '__gar__']

        if self._verbose:
            if isinstance(self.loaded, str):
                print "Import successful from %s" % self.loaded
            elif self.loaded is not None:
                print "Import successful from *file-like*"
            else:
                print 'No source specified, skipping loading...'

            print "Available fields for things: %s" % self.fields

        # Grid
        if self.hasGeoSupport():
            self._createGrid(self._verbose)
        else:
            if self._verbose:
                print 'No geocode support, skipping grid...'

        # Indices, we convert every iterable into tuple
        for fields in self._indices:
            self.addIndex(fields, self._verbose)



    def _checkProperties(self):
        """Some check on parameters.
        """
        # Tuplification
        self._indices = tuplify(self._indices)
        self._headers = tuplify(self._headers)

        if self._key_fields is not None:
            self._key_fields = tuplify(self._key_fields)

        if self._paths is not None:
            self._paths = tuplify(self._paths)

        for h in self._subdelimiters:
            if self._subdelimiters[h] is not None:
                self._subdelimiters[h] = tuplify(self._subdelimiters[h])

        # "local" is only used for sources from configuration
        # to have a relative path from the configuration file
        if self._paths is not None:
            paths = []
            for path in self._paths:
                if not is_remote(path) and self._local is True:
                    paths.append(relative(path, root=SOURCES_DIR))
                else:
                    paths.append(path)

            self._paths = tuple(paths)

        # Some headers are not accepted
        for h in self._headers:
            if str(h).endswith('@raw') or str(h).startswith('__'):
                raise ValueError('Header %s not accepted, should not end with "@raw" or start with "__".' % h)

        # Subdelimiters expansion: putting None where not set
        for h in self._headers:
            if h not in self._subdelimiters:
                self._subdelimiters[h] = None



    def hasIndexOn(self, fields):
        """Tells if an iterable of fields is indexed.

        :param fields:  the iterable of fields
        :returns:       a boolean

        >>> geo_o.hasIndexOn('iata_code')
        True
        >>> geo_o.hasIndexOn(('iata_code', 'asciiname'))
        False
        """
        return tuplify(fields) in self._indexed



    def addIndex(self, fields, verbose=True):
        """Add an index on an iterable of fields.

        :param fields:  the iterable of fields
        :param verbose: toggle verbosity

        >>> geo_o.addIndex('iata_code', verbose=True)
        /!\ Index on ('iata_code',) already built, overriding...
        Built index for fields ('iata_code',)
        >>> geo_o.addIndex(('icao_code', 'location_type'), verbose=True)
        Built index for fields ('icao_code', 'location_type')
        """
        if not fields:
            if verbose:
                print '/!\ Fields %s were empty, index not added' % str(fields)
            return

        fields = tuplify(fields)

        if self.hasIndexOn(fields):
            if verbose:
                print '/!\ Index on %s already built, overriding...' % str(fields)

        self._indexed[fields] = self._buildIndex(fields, verbose)



    def dropIndex(self, fields):
        """Drop an index on an iterable of fields.

        :param fields:  the iterable of fields

        >>> geo_o.hasIndexOn(('icao_code', 'location_type'))
        True
        >>> geo_o.dropIndex(('icao_code', 'location_type'))
        >>> geo_o.hasIndexOn(('icao_code', 'location_type'))
        False
        """
        del self._indexed[tuplify(fields)]



    def _buildIndex(self, fields, verbose=True):
        """Build index given an iterable of fields

        :param fields:  the iterable of fields
        :param verbose: toggle verbosity
        :returns:       the dictionary of { values : list of matching keys }

        >>> geo_o._buildIndex('iata_code', verbose=False)['MRS']
        ['MRS', 'MRS@1']
        >>> geo_o._buildIndex(('iata_code',), verbose=False)[('MRS',)]
        ['MRS', 'MRS@1']
        >>> geo_o._buildIndex(['iata_code', 'country_code'])[('MRS', 'FR')]
        Built index for fields ['iata_code', 'country_code']
        ['MRS', 'MRS@1']
        """
        if isinstance(fields, str):
            compute_val = lambda k: self.get(k, fields)

        elif isinstance(fields, (list, tuple, set)):
            compute_val = lambda k: tuple(self.get(k, f) for f in fields)

        else:
            raise ValueError('Wrong fields "%s" for index' % str(fields))

        # Mapping for every possible value to matching keys
        val_to_keys = {}

        for key in self:

            val = compute_val(key)

            if val not in val_to_keys:
                val_to_keys[val] = []

            val_to_keys[val].append(key)

        if verbose:
            print 'Built index for fields %s' % str(fields)

        return val_to_keys


    @staticmethod
    def _buildKeyer(key_fields, headers, verbose=True):
        """Define the function that build a line key.
        """
        # If key_fields is None we index with the line number
        if key_fields is None:
            if verbose:
                print '/!\ key_fields was None, keys will be created from line numbers.'

            return lambda row, lno: str(lno)

        # It is possible to have a key_fields which is a list
        # In this case we build the key as the concatenation between
        # the different fields
        try:
            pos = tuple(headers.index(k) for k in key_fields)

        except ValueError:
            raise ValueError("Inconsistent: headers = %s with key_fields = %s" % \
                             (headers, key_fields))
        else:
            keyer = lambda row, lno: '+'.join(row[p] for p in pos)

        return keyer


    @staticmethod
    def _buildRowData(row, headers, delimiter, subdelimiters, key, lno):
        """Building all data associated to this row.
        """
        # Erase everything, except duplicates counter
        data = {
            '__key__' : key,  # special field for key
            '__dup__' : [],   # special field for duplicates
            '__par__' : [],   # special field for parent
            '__lno__' : lno,  # special field for line number
            '__gar__' : [],   # special field for garbage
        }

        # headers represents the meaning of each column.
        # Using izip_longest here will replace missing fields
        # with empty strings ''
        for h, v in izip_longest(headers, row, fillvalue=''):
            # if h is None, it means the conf file explicitely
            # specified not to load the column
            if h is None:
                continue
            # if h is an empty string, it means there was more
            # data than the headers said, we store it in the
            # __gar__ special field
            if not h:
                data['__gar__'].append(v)
            else:
                if subdelimiters[h] is None:
                    data[h] = v
                else:
                    data['%s@raw' % h] = v
                    data[h] = recursive_split(v, subdelimiters[h])

        # Flattening the __gar__ list
        data['__gar__'] = delimiter.join(data['__gar__'])

        return data


    @staticmethod
    def _buildReader(verbose, **csv_opt):
        """Manually configure the reader, to bypass the limitations of csv.reader.
        """
        #quotechar = csv_opt['quotechar']
        delimiter = csv_opt['delimiter']

        if len(delimiter) == 1:
            return lambda source_fl : csv.reader(source_fl, **csv_opt)

        if verbose:
            print '/!\ Delimiter "%s" was not 1-character.' % delimiter
            print '/!\ Fallback on custom reader, but quoting is disabled.'

        def _reader(source_fl):
            """Custom reader supporting multiple characters split.
            """
            for row in source_fl:
                yield row.rstrip('\r\n').split(delimiter)

        return _reader


    def _buildDuplicatedKey(self, key, nb_dups):
        """
        When the key is already in base and we do not want to discard the row,
        we have to compute a new key for this row.
        We iterate until we find an available key
        """
        for n in count(nb_dups):
            d_key = '%s@%s' % (key, n)

            if d_key not in self._things:
                return d_key


    @staticmethod
    def _buildLnoEvents(skip, limit, verbose):
        """
        Build lambda functions handling events
        related to the line number count.
        """
        # Limit handling
        if skip is None:
            in_skipped_zone = lambda n : False
        else:
            in_skipped_zone = lambda n : n <= skip

        if limit is None:
            is_over_limit = lambda n : False
        else:
            is_over_limit = lambda n : n > limit

        # Verbose counter
        if verbose:
            show_load_info = lambda n : n % NB_LINES_STEP == 0
        else:
            show_load_info = lambda n : False

        return in_skipped_zone, is_over_limit, show_load_info


    def _load(self, source_fl, verbose=True):
        """Load the file and feed the self._things.

        :param source_fl: file-like input
        :param verbose:   toggle verbosity during data loading
        """
        # We cache all variables used in the main loop
        headers       = self._headers
        key_fields    = self._key_fields
        delimiter     = self._delimiter
        subdelimiters = self._subdelimiters
        quotechar     = self._quotechar
        limit         = self._limit
        skip          = self._skip
        discard_dups  = self._discard_dups

        keyer = self._buildKeyer(key_fields, headers, verbose)

        # Line number events
        in_skipped_zone, is_over_limit, show_load_info = self._buildLnoEvents(skip, limit, verbose)

        # csv reader options
        csv_opt = {
            'delimiter' : delimiter,
            'quotechar' : quotechar
        }

        _reader = self._buildReader(verbose, **csv_opt)

        for lno, row in enumerate(_reader(source_fl), start=1):

            if show_load_info(lno):
                print '%-10s lines loaded so far' % lno

            # Skip comments and empty lines
            # Comments must *start* with #, otherwise they will not be stripped
            if not row or row[0].startswith('#'):
                continue

            if in_skipped_zone(lno):
                if verbose:
                    print 'In skipped zone, dropping line %s: "%s...".' % \
                            (lno, row[0])
                continue

            if is_over_limit(lno):
                if verbose:
                    print 'Over limit %s for loaded lines, stopping.' % limit
                break

            try:
                key = keyer(row, lno)
            except IndexError:
                if verbose:
                    print '/!\ Could not compute key with headers %s, key_fields %s for line %s: %s' % \
                            (headers, key_fields, lno, row)
                continue

            row_data = self._buildRowData(row, headers, delimiter, subdelimiters, key, lno)

            # No duplicates ever, we will erase all data after if it is
            if key not in self._things:
                self._things[key] = row_data

            else:
                if discard_dups is False:
                    # We compute a new key for the duplicate
                    nb_dups = 1 + len(self._things[key]['__dup__'])
                    d_key   = self._buildDuplicatedKey(key, nb_dups)

                    # We update the data with this info
                    row_data['__key__'] = d_key
                    row_data['__dup__'] = self._things[key]['__dup__']
                    row_data['__par__'] = [key]

                    # We add the d_key as a new duplicate, and store the duplicate in the main _things
                    self._things[key]['__dup__'].append(d_key)
                    self._things[d_key] = row_data

                    if verbose:
                        print "/!\ [lno %s] %s is duplicated #%s, first found lno %s: creation of %s..." % \
                                (lno, key, nb_dups, self._things[key]['__lno__'], d_key)
                else:
                    if verbose:
                        print "/!\ [lno %s] %s is duplicated, first found lno %s: dropping line..." % \
                                (lno, key, self._things[key]['__lno__'])


        # We remove None headers, which are not-loaded-columns
        self.fields = ['__key__', '__dup__', '__par__', '__lno__']

        for h in headers:
            if subdelimiters[h] is not None:
                self.fields.append('%s@raw' % h)

            if h is not None:
                self.fields.append(h)

        self.fields.append('__gar__')



    def hasGeoSupport(self):
        """Check if data type has geocoding support.

        :returns: boolean for geocoding support

        >>> geo_t.hasGeoSupport()
        True
        >>> geo_f.hasGeoSupport()
        False
        """
        fields = set(self.fields)

        for required in GEO_FIELDS:
            if required not in fields:
                return False

        return True



    def _createGrid(self, verbose=True):
        """Create the grid for geographical indexation after loading the data.
        """
        self._ggrid = GeoGrid(radius=50, verbose=False)

        for key in self:
            lat_lng = self.getLocation(key)

            if lat_lng is None:
                if verbose:
                    print 'No usable geocode for %s: ("%s","%s"), skipping point...' % \
                            (key, self.get(key, LAT_FIELD), self.get(key, LNG_FIELD))
            else:
                self._ggrid.add(key, lat_lng, verbose)



    def get(self, key, field=None, **kwargs):
        """Simple get on the base.

        This get function raises an exception when input is not correct.

        :param key:     the key of the thing (like ``'SFO'``)
        :param field:   the field (like ``'name'`` or ``'iata_code'``)
        :param kwargs:  other named arguments, use 'default' to avoid \
                key failure
        :raises:        KeyError, if the key is not in the base
        :returns:       the needed information

        >>> geo_a.get('CDG', 'city_code')
        'PAR'
        >>> geo_t.get('frnic', 'name')
        'Nice-Ville'
        >>> geo_t.get('frnic')
        {'info': 'Desserte Voyageur-Infrastructure', 'code': 'frnic', ...}

        Cases of unknown key.

        >>> geo_t.get('frmoron', 'name', default='There')
        'There'
        >>> geo_t.get('frmoron', 'name')
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        KeyError: 'Thing not found: frmoron'
        >>> geo_t.get('frmoron', 'name', default=None)
        >>> geo_t.get('frmoron', default='There')
        'There'

        Cases of unknown field, this is a bug and always fail.

        >>> geo_t.get('frnic', 'not_a_field', default='There')
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        KeyError: "Field 'not_a_field' [for key 'frnic'] not in ['info', 'code', 'name', 'lines@raw', 'lines', '__gar__', '__par__', '__dup__', '__key__', 'lat', 'lng', '__lno__']"
        """
        if key not in self._things:
            # Unless default is set, we raise an Exception
            if 'default' in kwargs:
                return kwargs['default']

            raise KeyError("Thing not found: %s" % str(key))

        # Key is in geobase here
        if field is None:
            return self._things[key]

        try:
            res = self._things[key][field]
        except KeyError:
            raise KeyError("Field '%s' [for key '%s'] not in %s" % \
                           (field, key, self._things[key].keys()))
        else:
            return res



    def getLocation(self, key):
        """Returns geocode as (float, float) or None.

        :param key:     the key of the thing (like ``'SFO'``)
        :returns:       the location, a tuple of floats like ``(lat, lng)``, or \
                ``None`` if any problem happened during execution

        >>> geo_a.getLocation('AGN')
        (57.50..., -134.585...)
        """
        try:
            loc = tuple(float(self.get(key, f)) for f in GEO_FIELDS)

        except ValueError:
            # Decode geocode, if error, returns None
            return

        except KeyError:
            # Probably means that there is not geocode support
            # But could be that key is unkwown
            return
        # Note that TypeError would mean that the input
        # type was not even a string, probably NoneType
        else:
            return loc



    def hasParents(self, key):
        """Tell if a key has parents.

        :param key:     the key of the thing (like ``'SFO'``)
        :returns:       the number of parents

        >>> geo_o.hasParents('MRS')
        0
        >>> geo_o.hasParents('MRS@1')
        1
        >>> geo_o.hasParents('PAR')
        0
        """
        return len(self._things[key]['__par__'])


    def hasDuplicates(self, key):
        """Tell if a key has duplicates.

        :param key:     the key of the thing (like ``'SFO'``)
        :returns:       the number of duplicates

        >>> geo_o.hasDuplicates('MRS')
        1
        >>> geo_o.hasDuplicates('MRS@1')
        1
        >>> geo_o.hasDuplicates('PAR')
        0
        """
        return len(self._things[key]['__dup__'])



    def getFromAllDuplicates(self, key, field=None, **kwargs):
        """Get all duplicates data, parent key included.

        :param key:     the key of the thing (like ``'SFO'``)
        :param field:   the field (like ``'name'`` or ``'iata_code'``)
        :param kwargs:  other named arguments, use 'default' to avoid \
                key failure
        :returns:       the list of values for the given field iterated \
                on all duplicates for the key, including the key itself

        >>> geo_o.getFromAllDuplicates('ORY', 'name')
        ['Paris-Orly']
        >>> geo_o.getFromAllDuplicates('THA', 'name')
        ['Tullahoma Regional Airport/William Northern Field', 'Tullahoma']

        One parent, one duplicate example.

        >>> geo_o.get('THA@1', '__par__')
        ['THA']
        >>> geo_o.get('THA', '__dup__')
        ['THA@1']

        Use getFromAllDuplicates on master or duplicates gives the same
        results.

        >>> geo_o.getFromAllDuplicates('THA', '__key__')
        ['THA', 'THA@1']
        >>> geo_o.getFromAllDuplicates('THA@1', '__key__')
        ['THA@1', 'THA']

        Corner cases are handled in the same way as ``get`` method.

        >>> geo_o.getFromAllDuplicates('nnnnnnoooo', default='that')
        'that'
        >>> it = geo_o.getFromAllDuplicates('THA', field=None)
        >>> [e['__key__'] for e in it]
        ['THA', 'THA@1']
        """
        if key not in self._things:
            # Unless default is set, we raise an Exception
            if 'default' in kwargs:
                return kwargs['default']

            raise KeyError("Thing not found: %s" % str(key))

        # Building the list of all duplicates
        keys = [key]
        for k in self._things[key]['__dup__'] + self._things[key]['__par__']:
            if k not in keys:
                keys.append(k)

        # Key is in geobase here
        if field is None:
            return [self._things[k] for k in keys]

        try:
            res = [self._things[k][field] for k in keys]
        except KeyError:
            raise KeyError("Field '%s' [for key '%s'] not in %s" % \
                           (field, key, self._things[key].keys()))
        else:
            return res



    def _findWithUsingSingleIndex(self, fields, values):
        """Perform findWith using one index.
        """
        if values not in self._indexed[fields]:
            # No key matched these values for the fields
            raise StopIteration

        m = len(fields)

        for key in self._indexed[fields][values]:
            yield m, key



    def _checkIndexUsability(self, conditions, mode):
        """Check if indexes are usable for a given iterable of fields.
        """
        fields = tuple(f for f, _ in conditions)

        if self.hasIndexOn(fields) and mode == 'and':
            return True

        if all(self.hasIndexOn(f) for f in fields):
            return True

        return False



    def _findWithUsingMultipleIndex(self, conditions, from_keys, mode, verbose=False):
        """Perform findWith using several indexes.
        """
        fields = tuple(f for f, _ in conditions)
        values = tuple(v for _, v in conditions)

        if self.hasIndexOn(fields) and mode == 'and':
            if verbose:
                print 'Using index for %s: value(s) %s' % (str(fields), str(values))

            # Here we use directly the multiple index to have the matching keys
            from_keys = set(from_keys)
            for m, key in self._findWithUsingSingleIndex(fields, values):
                if key in from_keys:
                    yield m, key


        elif all(self.hasIndexOn(f) for f in fields):
            if verbose:
                print 'Using index for %s: value(s) %s' % \
                        (' and '.join(str((f,)) for f in set(fields)),
                         '; '.join(str((v,)) for v in values))

            if mode == 'or':
                # Here we use each index to check the condition on one field
                # and we return the keys matching *any* condition
                candidates = set()
                for f, v in conditions:
                    candidates = candidates | set(k for _, k in self._findWithUsingSingleIndex((f,), (v,)))

                for key in candidates & set(from_keys):
                    m = sum(self.get(key, f) == v for f, v in conditions)
                    yield m, key

            elif mode == 'and':
                # Here we use each index to check the condition on one field
                # and we keep only the keys matching *all* conditions
                candidates = set(from_keys)
                for f, v in conditions:
                    candidates = candidates & set(k for _, k in self._findWithUsingSingleIndex((f,), (v,)))

                m = len(fields)
                for key in candidates:
                    yield m, key



    def findWith(self, conditions, from_keys=None, reverse=False, force_str=False, mode='and', index=True, verbose=False):
        """Get iterator of all keys with particular field.

        For example, if you want to know all airports in Paris.

        :param conditions: a list of ``('field', 'value')`` conditions
        :param reverse:    we look keys where the field is *not* the \
                particular value. Note that this negation is done at \
                the lower level, before combining conditions. So if you \
                have two conditions with ``mode='and'``, expect \
                results matching not condition 1 *and* not condition 2.
        :param force_str:  for the ``str()`` method before every test
        :param mode:       either ``'or'`` or ``'and'``, how to handle \
                several conditions
        :param from_keys:  if given, we will look for results from this \
                iterable of keys
        :param index:      boolean to disable index when searching
        :param verbose:    toggle verbosity during search
        :returns:          an iterable of ``(v, key)`` where ``v`` is the \
                number of matched conditions

        >>> list(geo_a.findWith([('city_code', 'PAR')]))
        [(1, 'ORY'), (1, 'TNF'), (1, 'CDG'), (1, 'BVA')]
        >>> list(geo_o.findWith([('comment', '')], reverse=True))
        []
        >>> list(geo_o.findWith([('__dup__', '[]')]))
        []
        >>> len(list(geo_o.findWith([('__dup__', [])]))) # 7013 exactly
        70...
        >>> len(list(geo_o.findWith([('__dup__', '[]')], force_str=True)))
        70...
        >>> len(list(geo_o.findWith([('__par__', [])], reverse=True))) # Counting duplicated keys, 4437 exactly
        44...

        Testing indexes.

        >>> list(geo_o.findWith([('iata_code', 'MRS')], mode='and', verbose=True))
        Using index for ('iata_code',): value(s) ('MRS',)
        [(1, 'MRS'), (1, 'MRS@1')]
        >>> geo_o.addIndex('iata_code')
        /!\ Index on ('iata_code',) already built, overriding...
        Built index for fields ('iata_code',)
        >>> geo_o.addIndex('location_type')
        Built index for fields ('location_type',)
        >>> list(geo_o.findWith([('iata_code', 'NCE'), ('location_type', 'A')], mode='and', verbose=True))
        Using index for ('iata_code',) and ('location_type',): value(s) ('NCE',); ('A',)
        [(2, 'NCE')]

        Multiple index.

        >>> geo_o.addIndex(('iata_code', 'location_type'))
        Built index for fields ('iata_code', 'location_type')
        >>> list(geo_o.findWith([('iata_code', 'NCE'), ('location_type', 'A')], mode='and', verbose=True))
        Using index for ('iata_code', 'location_type'): value(s) ('NCE', 'A')
        [(2, 'NCE')]

        Or mode with index.

        >>> geo_o.addIndex('city_code')
        Built index for fields ('city_code',)
        >>> list(geo_o.findWith([('iata_code', 'NCE'), ('city_code', 'NCE')], mode='or', verbose=True))
        Using index for ('iata_code',) and ('city_code',): value(s) ('NCE',); ('NCE',)
        [(2, 'NCE@1'), (2, 'NCE')]
        >>> list(geo_o.findWith([('iata_code', 'NCE'), ('city_code', 'NCE')], mode='or', index=False, verbose=True))
        [(2, 'NCE'), (2, 'NCE@1')]

        Testing several conditions.

        >>> c_1 = [('city_code'    , 'PAR')]
        >>> c_2 = [('location_type', 'H'  )]
        >>> len(list(geo_o.findWith(c_1)))
        18
        >>> len(list(geo_o.findWith(c_2)))
        92
        >>> len(list(geo_o.findWith(c_1 + c_2, mode='and')))
        2
        >>> len(list(geo_o.findWith(c_1 + c_2, mode='or')))
        108

        This works too \o/.

        >>> len(list(geo_o.findWith([('city_code', 'PAR'), ('city_code', 'BVE')], mode='and')))
        0
        >>> len(list(geo_o.findWith([('city_code', 'PAR'), ('city_code', 'BVE')], mode='or')))
        20
        """
        if from_keys is None:
            from_keys = iter(self)

        # We check here the fields in conditions
        # because KeyError are catched next
        for field, _ in conditions:
            if field not in self.fields:
                raise ValueError('Conditions %s include unknown field "%s"' % \
                                 (conditions, field))

        # If indexed
        if index and not force_str and not reverse:
            # If this condition is not met, we do not raise StopIteration,
            # we will proceed with non-indexed code after
            if self._checkIndexUsability(conditions, mode):

                for t in self._findWithUsingMultipleIndex(conditions,
                                                          from_keys=from_keys,
                                                          mode=mode,
                                                          verbose=verbose):
                    yield t
                raise StopIteration


        # We set the lambda function now to avoid testing
        # force_str and reverse at each key later
        if not force_str and not reverse:
            pass_one = lambda a, b: a == b
        elif not force_str and reverse:
            pass_one = lambda a, b: a != b
        elif force_str and not reverse:
            pass_one = lambda a, b: str(a) == str(b)
        else:
            pass_one = lambda a, b: str(a) != str(b)

        # Handle and/or cases when multiple conditions
        if mode == 'and':
            pass_all = all
        elif mode == 'or':
            pass_all = any
        else:
            raise ValueError('"mode" argument must be in %s, was %s' % \
                             (str(['and', 'or']), mode))

        for key in from_keys:
            try:
                matches = [pass_one(self.get(key, f), v) for f, v in conditions]
                if pass_all(matches):
                    yield sum(matches), key

            except KeyError:
                # This means from_keys parameters contained unknown keys
                if verbose:
                    print 'Key %-10s and conditions %s failed in findWith, moving on...' % \
                            (key, conditions)



    def __iter__(self):
        """Returns iterator of all keys in the base.

        :returns: the iterator of all keys

        >>> list(a for a in geo_a)
        ['AGN', 'AGM', 'AGJ', 'AGH', ...
        """
        return self._things.iterkeys()


    def __contains__(self, key):
        """Test if a thing is in the base.

        :param key: the key of the thing to be tested
        :returns:   a boolean

        >>> 'AN' in geo_a
        False
        >>> 'AGN' in geo_a
        True
        """
        if key in self._things:
            return True

        return False


    def __nonzero__(self):
        """Testing emptiness of structure.

        :returns: a boolean

        >>> if not geo_o: print('empty')
        >>> if geo_o:     print('not empty')
        not empty

        This geo_f is actually empty.

        >>> if not geo_f: print('empty')
        empty
        >>> if geo_f:     print('not empty')
        """
        if self._things:
            return True

        return False


    def keys(self):
        """Returns a list of all keys in the base.

        :returns: the list of all keys

        >>> geo_a.keys()
        ['AGN', 'AGM', 'AGJ', 'AGH', ...
        """
        return self._things.keys()


    def _buildDistances(self, lat_lng_ref, keys):
        """
        Compute the iterable of ``(dist, keys)`` of a reference
        ``lat_lng`` and a list of keys. Keys which have not valid
        geocodes will not appear in the results.

        >>> list(geo_a._buildDistances((0, 0), ['ORY', 'CDG']))
        [(5422.74..., 'ORY'), (5455.45..., 'CDG')]
        """
        if lat_lng_ref is None:
            raise StopIteration

        for key in keys:

            lat_lng = self.getLocation(key)

            if lat_lng is not None:
                yield haversine(lat_lng_ref, lat_lng), key


    def findNearPoint(self, lat_lng, radius=RADIUS, from_keys=None, grid=True, double_check=True):
        """
        Returns a list of nearby things from a point (given
        latidude and longitude), and a radius for the search.
        Note that the haversine function, which compute distance
        at the surface of a sphere, here returns kilometers,
        so the radius should be in kms.

        :param lat_lng:   the lat_lng of the point (a tuple ``(lat, lng)``)
        :param radius:    the radius of the search (kilometers)
        :param from_keys: if ``None``, it takes all keys in consideration, \
            else takes ``from_keys`` iterable of keys to perform search.
        :param grid:      boolean, use grid or not
        :param double_check: when using grid, perform an additional check on \
            results distance, this is useful because the grid is approximate, \
            so the results are only as accurate as the grid size
        :returns:       an iterable of ``(distance, key)`` like \
            ``[(3.2, 'SFO'), (4.5, 'LAX')]``

        >>> # Paris, airports <= 50km
        >>> [geo_a.get(k, 'name') for d, k in sorted(geo_a.findNearPoint((48.84, 2.367), 50))]
        ['Paris-Orly', 'Paris-Le Bourget', 'Toussus-le-Noble', 'Paris - Charles-de-Gaulle']
        >>>
        >>> # Nice, stations <= 5km
        >>> [geo_t.get(k, 'name') for d, k in sorted(geo_t.findNearPoint((43.70, 7.26), 5))]
        ['Nice-Ville', 'Nice-Riquier', 'Nice-St-Roch', 'Villefranche-sur-Mer', 'Nice-St-Augustin']
        >>>
        >>> # Wrong geocode
        >>> sorted(geo_t.findNearPoint(None, 5))
        []

        No grid mode.

        >>> # Paris, airports <= 50km
        >>> [geo_a.get(k, 'name') for d, k in sorted(geo_a.findNearPoint((48.84, 2.367), 50, grid=False))]
        ['Paris-Orly', 'Paris-Le Bourget', 'Toussus-le-Noble', 'Paris - Charles-de-Gaulle']
        >>> 
        >>> # Nice, stations <= 5km
        >>> [geo_t.get(k, 'name') for d, k in sorted(geo_t.findNearPoint((43.70, 7.26), 5, grid=False))]
        ['Nice-Ville', 'Nice-Riquier', 'Nice-St-Roch', 'Villefranche-sur-Mer', 'Nice-St-Augustin']
        >>> 
        >>> # Paris, airports <= 50km with from_keys input list
        >>> sorted(geo_a.findNearPoint((48.84, 2.367), 50, from_keys=['ORY', 'CDG', 'BVE'], grid=False))
        [(12.76..., 'ORY'), (23.40..., 'CDG')]
        """
        if from_keys is None:
            from_keys = iter(self)

        if grid:
            # Using grid, from_keys if just a post-filter
            from_keys = set(from_keys)
            for dist, thing in self._ggrid.findNearPoint(lat_lng, radius, double_check):
                if thing in from_keys:
                    yield dist, thing

        else:
            for dist, thing in self._buildDistances(lat_lng, from_keys):
                if dist <= radius:
                    yield dist, thing



    def findNearKey(self, key, radius=RADIUS, from_keys=None, grid=True, double_check=True):
        """
        Same as ``findNearPoint``, except the point is given
        not by a ``(lat, lng)``, but with its key, like ``'ORY'`` or ``'SFO'``.
        We just look up in the base to retrieve latitude and longitude, then
        call ``findNearPoint``.

        :param key:       the key of the thing (like ``'SFO'``)
        :param from_keys: if ``None``, it takes all keys in consideration, \
            else takes ``from_keys`` iterable of keys to perform search.
        :param grid:      boolean, use grid or not
        :param double_check: when using grid, perform an additional check on \
                results distance, this is useful because the grid is \
                approximate, so the results are only as accurate as the \
                grid size
        :returns:       an iterable of ``(distance, key)`` like \
            ``[(3.2, 'SFO'), (4.5, 'LAX')]``

        >>> sorted(geo_o.findNearKey('ORY', 10)) # Orly, por <= 10km
        [(0.0, 'ORY'), (1.82..., 'JDP'), (8.06..., 'XJY'), (9.95..., 'QFC')]
        >>> sorted(geo_a.findNearKey('ORY', 50)) # Orly, airports <= 50km
        [(0.0, 'ORY'), (18.8..., 'TNF'), (27.8..., 'LBG'), (34.8..., 'CDG')]
        >>> sorted(geo_t.findNearKey('frnic', 5)) # Nice station, stations <= 5km
        [(0.0, 'frnic'), (2.2..., 'fr4342'), (2.3..., 'fr5737'), (4.1..., 'fr4708'), (4.5..., 'fr6017')]

        No grid.

        >>> # Orly, airports <= 50km
        >>> sorted(geo_a.findNearKey('ORY', 50, grid=False))
        [(0.0, 'ORY'), (18.8..., 'TNF'), (27.8..., 'LBG'), (34.8..., 'CDG')]
        >>> 
        >>> # Nice station, stations <= 5km
        >>> sorted(geo_t.findNearKey('frnic', 5, grid=False))
        [(0.0, 'frnic'), (2.2..., 'fr4342'), (2.3..., 'fr5737'), (4.1..., 'fr4708'), (4.5..., 'fr6017')]
        >>> 
        >>> sorted(geo_a.findNearKey('ORY', 50, grid=False, from_keys=['ORY', 'CDG', 'SFO']))
        [(0.0, 'ORY'), (34.8..., 'CDG')]
        """
        if from_keys is None:
            from_keys = iter(self)

        if grid:
            # Using grid, from_keys if just a post-filter
            from_keys = set(from_keys)

            for dist, thing in self._ggrid.findNearKey(key, radius, double_check):
                if thing in from_keys:
                    yield dist, thing

        else:
            for dist, thing in self.findNearPoint(self.getLocation(key),
                                                  radius=radius,
                                                  from_keys=from_keys,
                                                  grid=grid,
                                                  double_check=double_check):
                yield dist, thing



    def findClosestFromPoint(self, lat_lng, N=NB_CLOSEST, from_keys=None, grid=True, double_check=True):
        """
        Concept close to ``findNearPoint``, but here we do not
        look for the things radius-close to a point,
        we look for the closest thing from this point, given by
        latitude/longitude.

        :param lat_lng:   the lat_lng of the point (a tuple ``(lat, lng)``)
        :param N:         the N closest results wanted
        :param from_keys: if ``None``, it takes all keys in consideration, \
            else takes ``from_keys`` iterable of keys to perform \
            ``findClosestFromPoint``. This is useful when we have names and \
            have to perform a matching based on name and location \
            (see ``fuzzyFindNearPoint``).
        :param grid:    boolean, use grid or not
        :param double_check: when using grid, perform an additional check on \
            results distance, this is useful because the grid is \
            approximate, so the results are only as accurate as the grid size
        :returns:       an iterable of ``(distance, key)`` like \
            ``[(3.2, 'SFO'), (4.5, 'LAX')]``

        >>> list(geo_a.findClosestFromPoint((43.70, 7.26))) # Nice
        [(5.82..., 'NCE')]
        >>> list(geo_a.findClosestFromPoint((43.70, 7.26), N=3)) # Nice
        [(5.82..., 'NCE'), (30.28..., 'CEQ'), (79.71..., 'ALL')]
        >>> list(geo_t.findClosestFromPoint((43.70, 7.26), N=1)) # Nice
        [(0.56..., 'frnic')]
        >>> # Corner case, from_keys empty is not used
        >>> list(geo_t.findClosestFromPoint((43.70, 7.26), N=2, from_keys=()))
        []
        >>> list(geo_t.findClosestFromPoint(None, N=2))
        []
        >>> #from datetime import datetime
        >>> #before = datetime.now()
        >>> #for _ in range(100): s = geo_a.findClosestFromPoint((43.70, 7.26), N=3)
        >>> #print(datetime.now() - before)

        No grid.

        >>> list(geo_o.findClosestFromPoint((43.70, 7.26), grid=False)) # Nice
        [(0.60..., 'NCE@1')]
        >>> list(geo_a.findClosestFromPoint((43.70, 7.26), grid=False)) # Nice
        [(5.82..., 'NCE')]
        >>> list(geo_a.findClosestFromPoint((43.70, 7.26), N=3, grid=False)) # Nice
        [(5.82..., 'NCE'), (30.28..., 'CEQ'), (79.71..., 'ALL')]
        >>> list(geo_t.findClosestFromPoint((43.70, 7.26), N=1, grid=False)) # Nice
        [(0.56..., 'frnic')]
        >>> list(geo_t.findClosestFromPoint((43.70, 7.26), N=2, grid=False, from_keys=('frpaz', 'frply', 'frbve')))
        [(482.84..., 'frbve'), (683.89..., 'frpaz')]
        """
        if from_keys is None:
            from_keys = iter(self)

        if grid:
            for dist, thing in self._ggrid.findClosestFromPoint(lat_lng, N, double_check, from_keys):
                yield dist, thing

        else:
            iterable = self._buildDistances(lat_lng, from_keys)

            for dist, thing in heapq.nsmallest(N, iterable):
                yield dist, thing



    def findClosestFromKey(self, key, N=NB_CLOSEST, from_keys=None, grid=True, double_check=True):
        """
        Same as ``findClosestFromPoint``, except the point is given
        not by a ``(lat, lng)``, but with its key, like ``'ORY'`` or ``'SFO'``.
        We just look up in the base to retrieve latitude and longitude, then
        call ``findClosestFromPoint``.

        :param key:       the key of the thing (like ``'SFO'``)
        :param N:         the N closest results wanted
        :param from_keys: if ``None``, it takes all keys in consideration, \
            else takes ``from_keys`` iterable of keys to perform \
            ``findClosestFromKey``. This is useful when we have names and \
            have to perform a matching based on name and location \
            (see ``fuzzyFindNearPoint``).
        :param grid:    boolean, use grid or not
        :param double_check: when using grid, perform an additional check on \
                results distance, this is useful because the grid is \
                approximate, so the results are only as accurate as the \
                grid size
        :returns:       an iterable of ``(distance, key)`` like \
            ``[(3.2, 'SFO'), (4.5, 'LAX')]``

        >>> list(geo_a.findClosestFromKey('ORY')) # Orly
        [(0.0, 'ORY')]
        >>> list(geo_a.findClosestFromKey('ORY', N=3))
        [(0.0, 'ORY'), (18.80..., 'TNF'), (27.80..., 'LBG')]
        >>> # Corner case, from_keys empty is not used
        >>> list(geo_t.findClosestFromKey('ORY', N=2, from_keys=()))
        []
        >>> list(geo_t.findClosestFromKey(None, N=2))
        []
        >>> #from datetime import datetime
        >>> #before = datetime.now()
        >>> #for _ in range(100): s = geo_a.findClosestFromKey('NCE', N=3)
        >>> #print(datetime.now() - before)

        No grid.

        >>> list(geo_o.findClosestFromKey('ORY', grid=False)) # Nice
        [(0.0, 'ORY')]
        >>> list(geo_a.findClosestFromKey('ORY', N=3, grid=False)) # Nice
        [(0.0, 'ORY'), (18.80..., 'TNF'), (27.80..., 'LBG')]
        >>> list(geo_t.findClosestFromKey('frnic', N=1, grid=False)) # Nice
        [(0.0, 'frnic')]
        >>> list(geo_t.findClosestFromKey('frnic', N=2, grid=False, from_keys=('frpaz', 'frply', 'frbve')))
        [(482.79..., 'frbve'), (683.52..., 'frpaz')]
        """
        if from_keys is None:
            from_keys = iter(self)

        if grid:
            for dist, thing in self._ggrid.findClosestFromKey(key, N, double_check, from_keys):
                yield dist, thing

        else:
            for dist, thing in self.findClosestFromPoint(self.getLocation(key), N, from_keys, grid, double_check):
                yield dist, thing



    @staticmethod
    def fuzzyClean(value):
        """Cleaning from LevenshteinUtils.

        >>> GeoBase.fuzzyClean('antibes ville 2')
        'antibes'
        """
        return '+'.join(clean(value))


    def _buildFuzzyRatios(self, fuzzy_value, field, min_match, keys):
        """
        Compute the iterable of (dist, keys) of a reference
        fuzzy_value and a list of keys.

        >>> list(geo_a._buildFuzzyRatios('marseille', 'name', 0.80, ['ORY', 'MRS', 'CDG']))
        [(0.9..., 'MRS')]
        """
        for key in keys:

            r = mod_leven(fuzzy_value, self.get(key, field))

            if r >= min_match:
                yield r, key


    def fuzzyFind(self, fuzzy_value, field, max_results=None, min_match=MIN_MATCH, from_keys=None):
        """
        Fuzzy searches are retrieving an information
        on a thing when we do not know the code.
        We compare the value ``fuzzy_value`` which is supposed to be a field
        (e.g. a city or a name), to all things we have in the base,
        and we output the best match.
        Matching is performed using Levenshtein module, with a modified
        version of the Lenvenshtein ratio, adapted to the type of data.

        Example: we look up 'Marseille Saint Ch.' in our base
        and we find the corresponding code by comparing all station
        names with ''Marseille Saint Ch.''.

        :param fuzzy_value: the value, like ``'Marseille'``
        :param field:       the field we look into, like ``'name'``
        :param max_results: max number of results, None means all results
        :param min_match:   filter out matches under this threshold
        :param from_keys:   if ``None``, it takes all keys in consideration, \
            else takes ``from_keys`` iterable of keys to perform \
            ``fuzzyFind``. This is useful when we have geocodes and have to \
            perform a matching based on name and location (see \
            ``fuzzyFindNearPoint``).
        :returns:           an iterable of ``(distance, key)`` like \
                ``[(0.97, 'SFO'), (0.55, 'LAX')]``

        >>> geo_t.fuzzyFind('Marseille Charles', 'name')[0]
        (0.8..., 'frmsc')
        >>> geo_a.fuzzyFind('paris de gaulle', 'name')[0]
        (0.78..., 'CDG')
        >>> geo_a.fuzzyFind('paris de gaulle', 'name', max_results=3, min_match=0.55)
        [(0.78..., 'CDG'), (0.60..., 'HUX'), (0.57..., 'LBG')]
        >>> geo_a.fuzzyFind('paris de gaulle', 'name', max_results=3, min_match=0.75)
        [(0.78..., 'CDG')]

        Some corner cases.

        >>> geo_a.fuzzyFind('paris de gaulle', 'name', max_results=None)[0]
        (0.78..., 'CDG')
        >>> geo_a.fuzzyFind('paris de gaulle', 'name', max_results=1, from_keys=[])
        []
        """
        if from_keys is None:
            # iter(self), since __iter__ is defined is equivalent to
            # self._things.iterkeys()
            from_keys = iter(self)

        # All 'intelligence' is performed in the Levenshtein
        # module just here. All we do is minimize this distance
        iterable = self._buildFuzzyRatios(fuzzy_value, field, min_match, from_keys)

        if max_results is None:
            return sorted(iterable, reverse=True)
        else:
            return heapq.nlargest(max_results, iterable)



    def fuzzyFindNearPoint(self, lat_lng, radius, fuzzy_value, field, max_results=None, min_match=MIN_MATCH, from_keys=None, grid=True, double_check=True):
        """
        Same as ``fuzzyFind`` but with we search only within a radius
        from a geocode.

        :param lat_lng:     the lat_lng of the point (a tuple ``(lat, lng)``)
        :param radius:      the radius of the search (kilometers)
        :param fuzzy_value: the value, like ``'Marseille'``
        :param field:       the field we look into, like ``'name'``
        :param max_results: if ``None``, returns all, if an int, only \
                returns the first ones
        :param min_match:   filter out matches under this threshold
        :param from_keys:   if ``None``, it takes all keys in consideration, \
                else takes a from_keys iterable of keys to perform search.
        :param grid:        boolean, use grid or not
        :param double_check: when using grid, perform an additional check on \
                results distance, this is useful because the grid is \
                approximate, so the results are only as accurate as the \
                grid size
        :returns:           an iterable of ``(distance, key)`` like \
                ``[(0.97, 'SFO'), (0.55, 'LAX')]``

        >>> geo_a.fuzzyFind('Brussels', 'name', min_match=0.60)[0]
        (0.61..., 'BQT')
        >>> geo_a.get('BQT', 'name')  # Brussels just matched on Brest!!
        'Brest'
        >>> geo_a.get('BRU', 'name') # We wanted BRU for 'Bruxelles'
        'Bruxelles National'
        >>> 
        >>> # Now a request limited to a circle of 20km around BRU gives BRU
        >>> geo_a.fuzzyFindNearPoint((50.9013890, 4.4844440), 20, 'Brussels', 'name', min_match=0.40)[0]
        (0.46..., 'BRU')
        >>> 
        >>> # Now a request limited to some input keys
        >>> geo_a.fuzzyFindNearPoint((50.9013890, 4.4844440), 2000, 'Brussels', 'name', max_results=1, min_match=0.30, from_keys=['CDG', 'ORY'])
        [(0.33..., 'ORY')]
        """
        if from_keys is None:
            from_keys = iter(self)

        nearest = (k for _, k in self.findNearPoint(lat_lng, radius, from_keys, grid, double_check))

        return self.fuzzyFind(fuzzy_value, field, max_results, min_match, from_keys=nearest)



    def fuzzyFindCached(self,
                       fuzzy_value,
                       field,
                       max_results=None,
                       min_match=MIN_MATCH,
                       from_keys=None,
                       verbose=False,
                       d_range=None):
        """
        Same as ``fuzzyFind`` but with a caching and bias system.

        :param fuzzy_value: the value, like ``'Marseille'``
        :param field:       the field we look into, like ``'name'``
        :param max_results: max number of results, None means all results
        :param min_match:   filter out matches under this threshold
        :param from_keys:   if ``None``, it takes all keys in consideration, \
            else takes ``from_keys`` iterable of keys to perform fuzzyFind. \
            This is useful when we have geocodes and have to perform a \
            matching based on name and location (see ``fuzzyFindNearPoint``).
        :param verbose:     display information on caching for a certain \
                range of similarity
        :param d_range:     the range of similarity
        :returns:           an iterable of ``(distance, key)`` like \
                ``[(0.97, 'SFO'), (0.55, 'LAX')]``

        >>> geo_t.fuzzyFindCached('Marseille Saint Ch.', 'name')[0]
        (0.8..., 'frmsc')
        >>> geo_a.fuzzyFindCached('paris de gaulle', 'name', verbose=True, d_range=(0, 1))[0]
        [0.79]           paris+de+gaulle ->   paris+charles+de+gaulle (  CDG)
        (0.78..., 'CDG')
        >>> geo_a.fuzzyFindCached('paris de gaulle', 'name', min_match=0.60, max_results=2, verbose=True, d_range=(0, 1))
        [0.79]           paris+de+gaulle ->   paris+charles+de+gaulle (  CDG)
        [0.61]           paris+de+gaulle ->        bahias+de+huatulco (  HUX)
        [(0.78..., 'CDG'), (0.60..., 'HUX')]

        Some biasing:

        >>> geo_a.biasFuzzyCache('paris de gaulle', 'name', None, 0.75, None, [(0.5, 'Biased result')])
        >>> geo_a.fuzzyFindCached('paris de gaulle', 'name', max_results=None, verbose=True, d_range=(0, 1))
        Using bias: ('paris+de+gaulle', 'name', None, 0.75, None)
        [(0.5, 'Biased result')]
        >>> geo_a.clearFuzzyBiasCache()
        >>> geo_a.fuzzyFindCached('paris de gaulle', 'name', max_results=None, min_match=0.75, verbose=True)
        [(0.78..., 'CDG')]
        """
        if d_range is None:
            d_range = (min_match, 1.0)

        # Cleaning is for keeping only useful data
        entry = build_cache_key(self.fuzzyClean(fuzzy_value), field, max_results, min_match, from_keys)

        if entry in self._fuzzy_bias_cache:
            # If the entry is stored is our bias
            # cache, we do not perform the fuzzy search
            if verbose:
                print 'Using bias: %s' % str(entry)

            return self._fuzzy_bias_cache[entry]

        if entry not in self._fuzzy_cache:

            matches = self.fuzzyFind(*entry)

            self._fuzzy_cache[entry] = matches

            # We display information everytime a value is added to the cache
            if verbose:
                self._showFuzzyMatches(matches, fuzzy_value, field, d_range)

        return self._fuzzy_cache[entry]



    def biasFuzzyCache(self, fuzzy_value, field, max_results=None, min_match=MIN_MATCH, from_keys=None, biased_result=()):
        """
        If algorithms for fuzzy searches are failing on a single example,
        it is possible to use a first cache which will block
        the research and force the result.

        :param fuzzy_value:   the value, like ``'Marseille'``
        :param field:         the field we look into, like ``'name'``
        :param max_results:   if ``None``, returns all, if an int, only \
                returns the first ones
        :param min_match:     filter out matches under this threshold
        :param from_keys:     if ``None``, it takes all keys into \
                consideration, else takes ``from_keys`` iterable of keys \
                as search domain
        :param biased_result: the expected result
        :returns:             ``None``

        >>> geo_t.fuzzyFindCached('Marseille Saint Ch.', 'name')[0]
        (0.8..., 'frmsc')
        >>> geo_t.biasFuzzyCache('Marseille Saint Ch.', 'name', biased_result=[(1.0, 'Me!')])
        >>> geo_t.fuzzyFindCached('Marseille Saint Ch.', 'name')[0]
        (1.0, 'Me!')
        """
        # Cleaning is for keeping only useful data
        entry = build_cache_key(self.fuzzyClean(fuzzy_value), field, max_results, min_match, from_keys)

        self._fuzzy_bias_cache[entry] = biased_result


    def clearFuzzyCache(self):
        """Clear cache for fuzzy searches.

        >>> geo_t.clearFuzzyCache()
        """
        self._fuzzy_cache = {}


    def clearFuzzyBiasCache(self):
        """Clear biasing cache for fuzzy searches.

        >>> geo_t.clearFuzzyBiasCache()
        """
        self._fuzzy_bias_cache = {}



    def _showFuzzyMatches(self, matches, fuzzy_value, field, d_range):
        """Some debugging.
        """
        for d, key in matches:

            if d >= d_range[0] and d < d_range[1]:

                print "[%.2f] %25s -> %25s (%5s)" % \
                    (d,
                     self.fuzzyClean(fuzzy_value),
                     self.fuzzyClean(self.get(key, field)),
                     key)


    @staticmethod
    def phonemes(value, method='dmetaphone'):
        """Compute phonemes for any value.

        :param value:     the input value
        :param method:    change the phonetic method used
        :returns:         the phonemes

        >>> GeoBase.phonemes('sheekago')
        ['XKK', None]
        >>> GeoBase.phonemes('sheekago', 'nysiis')
        'SACAG'
        """
        get_phonemes, _ = build_get_phonemes(method)

        return get_phonemes(value)


    def phoneticFind(self, value, field, method='dmetaphone', from_keys=None, verbose=False):
        """Phonetic search.

        :param value:     the value for which we look for a match
        :param field:     the field, like ``'name'``
        :param method:    change the phonetic method used
        :param from_keys: if ``None``, it takes all keys in consideration, \
                else takes ``from_keys`` iterable of keys to perform search.
        :param verbose:   toggle verbosity
        :returns:         an iterable of (phonemes, key) matching

        >>> list(geo_o.get(k, 'name') for _, k in geo_o.phoneticFind('chicago', 'name', 'dmetaphone'))
        ['Chicago']
        >>> list(geo_o.get(k, 'name') for _, k in geo_o.phoneticFind('chicago', 'name', 'nysiis'))
        ['Chicago']

        Alternate methods.

        >>> list(geo_o.phoneticFind('chicago', 'name', 'dmetaphone', verbose=True))
        Looking for phonemes like ['XKK', None] (for "chicago")
        [(['XKK', None], 'CHI')]
        >>> list(geo_o.phoneticFind('chicago', 'name', 'metaphone'))
        [('XKK', 'CHI')]
        >>> list(geo_o.phoneticFind('chicago', 'name', 'nysiis'))
        [('CACAG', 'CHI')]
        """

        get_phonemes, matcher = build_get_phonemes(method)

        if from_keys is None:
            from_keys = iter(self)

        exp_phonemes = get_phonemes(value)

        if verbose:
            print 'Looking for phonemes like %s (for "%s")' % (str(exp_phonemes), value)

        for key in from_keys:
            phonemes = get_phonemes(self.get(key, field))

            if matcher(phonemes, exp_phonemes):
                yield phonemes, key



    def distance(self, key0, key1):
        """Compute distance between two elements.

        This is just a wrapper between the original haversine
        function, but it is probably one of the most used feature :)

        :param key0: the first key
        :param key1: the second key
        :returns:    the distance (km)

        >>> geo_t.distance('frnic', 'frpaz')
        683.526...
        """
        return haversine(self.getLocation(key0), self.getLocation(key1))


    def set(self, key, field=None, value=None):
        """Method to manually change a value in the base.

        :param key:   the key we want to change a value of
        :param field: the concerned field, like ``'name'``
        :param value: the new value
        :returns:     None

        >>> geo_t.get('frnic', 'name')
        'Nice-Ville'
        >>> geo_t.set('frnic', 'name', 'Nice Gare SNCF')
        >>> geo_t.get('frnic', 'name')
        'Nice Gare SNCF'
        >>> geo_t.set('frnic', 'name', 'Nice-Ville') # Not to mess with other tests :)

        We may even add new fields.

        >>> geo_t.set('frnic', 'new_field', 'some_value')
        >>> geo_t.get('frnic', 'new_field')
        'some_value'

        We can create just the key.

        >>> geo_t.set('frnewkey')
        >>> geo_t.get('frnewkey')
        {'__gar__': [], '__par__': [], '__dup__': [], '__lno__': 0, '__key__': 'frnewkey'}
        """
        # If the key is not in the base,
        # we simply add it
        if key not in self._things:
            self._things[key] = {
                '__key__' : key,      # special field for key
                '__dup__' : [],       # special field for duplicates
                '__par__' : [],       # special field for parent
                '__lno__' : 0,        # special field for line number
                '__gar__' : [],       # special field for garbage
            }

        if field is not None:
            self._things[key][field] = value

            # If the field was not referenced in the headers
            # we add it to the headers
            if field not in self.fields:
                self.fields.append(field)


    def setFromDict(self, key, dictionary):
        """
        Same as ``set`` method, except we perform
        the input with a whole dictionary.

        :param key:         the key we want to change a value of
        :param dictionary:  the dict containing the new data
        :returns:           None

        >>> geo_f.keys()
        []
        >>> geo_f.setFromDict('frnic', {'code' : 'frnic', 'name': 'Nice'})
        >>> geo_f.keys()
        ['frnic']
        """
        for field, val in dictionary.iteritems():
            self.set(key, field, val)


    def delete(self, key, field=None):
        """Method to manually remove a value in the base.

        :param key:   the key we want to delete
        :returns:     None

        >>> data = geo_t.get('frxrn') # Output all data in one dict
        >>> geo_t.delete('frxrn')
        >>> geo_t.get('frxrn', 'name')
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        KeyError: 'Thing not found: frxrn'

        How to reverse the delete if data has been stored:

        >>> geo_t.setFromDict('frxrn', data)
        >>> geo_t.get('frxrn', 'name')
        'Redon'

        We can delete just a field.

        >>> geo_t.delete('frxrn', 'lat')
        >>> geo_t.get('frxrn', 'lat')
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        KeyError: "Field 'lat' [for key 'frxrn'] not in ...
        >>> geo_t.get('frxrn', 'name')
        'Redon'

        And put it back again.

        >>> geo_t.set('frxrn', 'lat', '47.65179')
        >>> geo_t.get('frxrn', 'lat')
        '47.65179'
        """
        if field is None:
            del self._things[key]
        else:
            del self._things[key][field]


    @staticmethod
    def hasTrepSupport():
        """Check if module has OpenTrep support.
        """
        return HAS_TREP_SUPPORT


    @staticmethod
    def trepSearch(fuzzy_value, trep_format='S', from_keys=None, verbose=False):
        """OpenTrep integration.

        If not hasTrepSupport(), main_trep is not defined
        and trepSearch will raise an exception if called.

        :param fuzzy_value: the fuzzy value
        :param trep_format: the format given to OpenTrep
        :param from_keys:   if ``None``, it takes all keys in consideration, \
                else takes ``from_keys`` iterable of keys to perform search.
        :param verbose:     toggle verbosity
        :returns:           an iterable of ``(distance, key)`` like \
                ``[(0.97, 'SFO'), (0.55, 'LAX')]``

        >>> if GeoBase.hasTrepSupport():
        ...     print geo_t.trepSearch('sna francisco los agneles') # doctest: +SKIP
        [(31.5192, 'SFO'), (46.284, 'LAX')]

        >>> if GeoBase.hasTrepSupport():
        ...     print geo_t.trepSearch('sna francisco', verbose=True) # doctest: +SKIP
         -> Raw result: SFO/31.5192
         -> Fmt result: ([(31.5192, 'SFO')], '')
        [(31.5192, 'SFO')]
        """
        r = main_trep(searchString=fuzzy_value,
                      outputFormat=trep_format,
                      verbose=verbose)

        if trep_format == 'S':
            # Only this outputFormat is handled by upper layers
            if from_keys is None:
                return r[0]
            else:
                from_keys = set(from_keys)
                return [(k, e) for k, e in r[0] if e in from_keys]

        # For all other formats we return an empty
        # list to avoid failures
        return []


    def visualize(self,
                  output='example',
                  icon_label=None,
                  icon_weight=None,
                  icon_color=None,
                  icon_type='auto',
                  from_keys=None,
                  add_lines=None,
                  add_anonymous_icons=None,
                  add_anonymous_lines=None,
                  link_duplicates=True,
                  catalog=None,
                  line_colors=None,
                  verbose=True):
        """Creates map and other visualizations.

        :param output:      set the name of the rendered files
        :param icon_label:  set the field which will appear as map icons title
        :param icon_weight: set the field defining the map icons circle \
                surface
        :param icon_color:  set the field defining the map icons colors
        :param icon_type:   set the icon size, either ``'B'``, ``'S'``, \
                ``'auto'`` or ``None`` for no-icons mode
        :param from_keys:   only display this iterable of keys if not None
        :param add_lines:   list of ``(key1, key2, ..., keyN)`` to draw \
                additional lines
        :param add_anonymous_icons: list of geocodes, like \
                ``[(lat1, lng1), (lat2, lng2), ..., (latN, lngN)]``, \
                to draw additional icons from geocodes not in the data
        :param add_anonymous_icons: list of list of geocodes, like \
                ``[[(lat1, lng1), (lat2, lng2), ..., (latN, lngN)], ...]``,  \
                to draw additional lines from geocodes not in the data
        :param link_duplicates: boolean toggling lines between duplicated \
                keys
        :param catalog:     dictionary of ``{'value': 'color'}`` to have \
                specific colors for some categories, which is computed with \
                the ``icon_color`` field
        :param line_colors: tuple of 3 colors to change the default lines \
                color, the three values are for the three line types: those \
                computed with ``link_duplicates``, those given with \
                ``add_lines``, those given with ``add_anonymous_lines``
        :param verbose:     toggle verbosity
        :returns:           this is the tuple of (list of templates \
                successfully rendered, total number of templates available)
        """
        if self.hasGeoSupport():
            geo_support = True
        else:
            geo_support = False

            if verbose:
                print '\n/!\ Could not find fields %s in headers %s.' % \
                        (' and '.join(GEO_FIELDS), self.fields)

        if icon_label is not None and icon_label not in self.fields:
            raise ValueError('icon_label "%s" not in fields %s.' % (icon_label, self.fields))

        if icon_weight is not None and icon_weight not in self.fields:
            raise ValueError('icon_weight "%s" not in fields %s.' % (icon_weight, self.fields))

        if icon_color is not None and icon_color not in self.fields:
            raise ValueError('icon_color "%s" not in fields %s.' % (icon_color, self.fields))

        # Optional function which gives points weight
        if icon_label is None:
            get_label = lambda key: key
        else:
            get_label = lambda key: self.get(key, icon_label)

        # Optional function which gives points weight
        if icon_weight is None:
            get_weight = lambda key: 0
        else:
            get_weight = lambda key: self.get(key, icon_weight)

        # Optional function which gives points category
        if icon_color is None:
            get_category = lambda key: None
        else:
            get_category = lambda key: self.get(key, icon_color)

        # from_keys lets you have a set of keys to visualize
        if from_keys is None:
            from_keys = iter(self)

        # Additional stuff
        if add_lines is None:
            add_lines = []

        if add_anonymous_icons is None:
            add_anonymous_icons = []

        if add_anonymous_lines is None:
            add_anonymous_lines = []

        # catalog is a user defined color scheme
        if catalog is None:
            # Default diff-friendly catalog
            catalog = {
                ' ' : 'blue',
                '+' : 'green',
                'Y' : 'green',
                '-' : 'red',
                'N' : 'red',
                '@' : 'yellow',
            }

        if line_colors is None:
            line_colors = 'blue', 'orange', 'yellow'

        if len(line_colors) != 3:
            raise ValueError('line_colors must a tuple of 3 colors, was %s.' % \
                             str(line_colors))

        # Storing json data
        data = [
            self._buildIconData(key, get_label, get_weight, get_category)
            for key in from_keys
        ] + [
            self._buildAnonymousIconData(lat_lng)
            for lat_lng in add_anonymous_icons
        ]

        # Icon type
        has_many  = len(data) >= 100
        base_icon = compute_base_icon(icon_type, has_many)

        # Building categories
        with_icons   = icon_type is not None
        with_circles = icon_weight is not None
        categories   = build_categories(data, with_icons, with_circles, catalog, verbose)

        # Finally, we write the colors as an element attribute
        for elem in data:
            elem['__col__'] = categories[elem['__cat__']]['color']

        # Duplicates data
        if link_duplicates:
            dup_lines = self._buildLinksForDuplicates(data)
            if verbose:
                print '* Added lines for duplicates linking, total %s' % len(dup_lines)
        else:
            dup_lines = []

        # Gathering data for lines
        data_lines = [
            self._buildLineData(l, get_label, 'Duplicates', line_colors[0])
            for l in dup_lines
        ] + [
            self._buildLineData(l, get_label, 'Line', line_colors[1])
            for l in add_lines
        ] + [
            self._buildAnonymousLineData(l, 'Anonymous line', line_colors[2])
            for l in add_anonymous_lines
        ]

        # Dump the json geocodes
        json_name = '%s.json' % output

        with open(json_name, 'w') as out:
            out.write(json.dumps({
                'meta'       : {
                    'icon_label'      : icon_label,
                    'icon_weight'     : icon_weight,
                    'icon_color'      : icon_color,
                    'icon_type'       : icon_type,
                    'base_icon'       : base_icon,
                    'link_duplicates' : link_duplicates,
                    'nb_user_lines'   : len(add_lines),
                },
                'points'     : data,
                'lines'      : data_lines,
                'categories' : sorted(categories.items(),
                                      key=lambda x: x[1]['volume'],
                                      reverse=True)
            }))

        return render_templates(output, json_name, geo_support, verbose)



    def _buildIconData(self, key, get_label, get_weight, get_category):
        """Build data for key display.
        """
        lat_lng = self.getLocation(key)

        if lat_lng is None:
            lat_lng = '?', '?'

        elem = {
            '__key__' : key,
            '__lab__' : get_label(key),
            '__wei__' : get_weight(key),
            '__cat__' : get_category(key),
            'lat'     : lat_lng[0],
            'lng'     : lat_lng[1]
        }

        for field in self.fields:
            # Keeping only important fields
            if not str(field).startswith('__') and \
               not str(field).endswith('@raw') and \
               field not in elem:

                elem[field] = str(self.get(key, field))

        return elem


    @staticmethod
    def _buildAnonymousIconData(lat_lng):
        """Build data for anonymous point display.
        """
        if lat_lng is None:
            lat_lng = '?', '?'

        return {
            '__key__' : '(%s, %s)' % lat_lng,
            '__lab__' : 'Anonymous',
            '__wei__' : 0,
            '__cat__' : '@',
            'lat'     : lat_lng[0],
            'lng'     : lat_lng[1]
        }


    def _buildLineData(self, line, get_label, title, color):
        """Build data for line display.
        """
        data_line = []

        for l_key in line:
            lat_lng = self.getLocation(l_key)

            if lat_lng is None:
                lat_lng = '?', '?'

            data_line.append({
                '__key__' : l_key,
                '__lab__' : get_label(l_key),
                'lat'     : lat_lng[0],
                'lng'     : lat_lng[1],
            })

        return {
            '__lab__' : title,
            '__col__' : color,
            'path'    : data_line,
        }


    @staticmethod
    def _buildAnonymousLineData(line, title, color):
        """Build data for anonymous line display.
        """
        data_line = []

        for lat_lng in line:
            if lat_lng is None:
                lat_lng = '?', '?'

            data_line.append({
                '__key__' : '(%s, %s)' % lat_lng,
                '__lab__' : 'Anonymous',
                'lat'     : lat_lng[0],
                'lng'     : lat_lng[1],
            })

        return {
            '__lab__' : title,
            '__col__' : color,
            'path'    : data_line,
        }


    def _buildLinksForDuplicates(self, data):
        """Build lines data between duplicated keys.
        """
        dup_lines = []
        # We add to dup_lines all list of duplicates
        # We keep a set of already processed "master" keys to avoid
        # putting several identical lists in the json
        done_keys = set()

        for elem in data:
            key = elem['__key__']

            if key not in self:
                # Possible for anonymous keys added for display
                continue

            if not self.hasParents(key):
                mkey = set([key])
            else:
                mkey = set(self.get(key, '__par__'))

            if self.hasDuplicates(key) and not mkey.issubset(done_keys):
                # mkey have some keys which are not in done_keys
                dup_lines.append(self.getFromAllDuplicates(key, '__key__'))
                done_keys = done_keys | mkey

        return dup_lines


def compute_base_icon(icon_type, has_many):
    """Compute icon.
    """
    if icon_type is None:
        return ''

    if icon_type == 'auto':
        return 'point.png' if has_many else 'marker.png'

    if icon_type == 'S':
        return 'point.png'

    if icon_type == 'B':
        return 'marker.png'

    raise ValueError('icon_type "%s" not in %s.' % \
                     (icon_type, ('auto', 'S', 'B', None)))


def build_categories(data, with_icons, with_circles, catalog, verbose):
    """Build categories from data and catalog
    """
    # Count the categories for coloring
    categories = {}

    for elem in data:
        if not with_icons:
            # Here we are in no-icon mode, categories
            # will be based on the entries who will have a circle
            try:
                c = float(elem['__wei__'])
            except ValueError:
                c = 0
        else:
            c = 1

        cat = elem['__cat__']
        if cat not in categories:
            categories[cat] = 0
        if c > 0:
            categories[cat] += c

    # Color repartition given biggest categories
    colors  = ('red', 'orange', 'yellow', 'green', 'cyan', 'purple')
    col_num = 0

    if not categories:
        step = 1
    else:
        # c > 0 makes sure we do not create a category
        # for stuff that will not be displayed
        nb_non_empty_cat = len([c for c in categories.values() if c > 0])

        if nb_non_empty_cat > 0:
            step = max(1, len(colors) / nb_non_empty_cat)
        else:
            # All categories may be empty if not icons + not circles
            step = 1

    for cat, vol in sorted(categories.items(), key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True):
        categories[cat] = {
            'volume' : vol
        }
        if cat is None:
            # None is also the default category, when icon_color is None
            categories[cat]['color'] = 'blue'

        elif col_num < len(colors):
            # We affect the next color available
            categories[cat]['color'] = colors[col_num]
            col_num += step
        else:
            # After all colors are used, remaining categories are black
            categories[cat]['color'] = 'black'

        if verbose:
            if with_icons:
                field_vol = 'volume'
            elif with_circles:
                field_vol = 'weight'
            else:
                field_vol = '(not used)'

            print '> Affecting category %-8s to color %-7s | %s %s' % \
                    (cat, categories[cat]['color'], field_vol, vol)


    for cat in catalog:
        if cat in categories:

            old_color = categories[cat]['color']
            new_color = catalog[cat]
            categories[cat]['color'] = new_color

            if verbose:
                print '> Overrides category %-8s to color %-7s (from %-7s)' % \
                        (cat, new_color, old_color)

            # We test other categories to avoid duplicates in coloring
            for ocat in categories:
                if ocat == cat:
                    continue
                ocat_color = categories[ocat]['color']

                if ocat_color == new_color:
                    categories[ocat]['color'] = old_color

                    if verbose:
                        print '> Switching category %-8s to color %-7s (from %-7s)' % \
                                (ocat, old_color, ocat_color)

    return categories



def render_templates(output, json_name, geo_support, verbose):
    """Render HTML templates.
    """
    tmp_template = []
    tmp_static   = [json_name]

    for name, assets in ASSETS.iteritems():
        # We do not render the map template  if not geocodes
        if name == 'map' and not geo_support:
            continue

        for template, v_target in assets['template'].iteritems():
            target = v_target % output

            with open(template) as temp:
                with open(target, 'w') as out:
                    for row in temp:
                        row = row.replace('{{file_name}}', output)
                        row = row.replace('{{json_file}}', json_name)
                        out.write(row)

            tmp_template.append(target)

        for source, target in assets['static'].iteritems():
            copy(source, target)
            tmp_static.append(target)

    if verbose:
        print
        print '* Now you may use your browser to visualize:'
        print ' '.join(tmp_template)
        print
        print '* If you want to clean the temporary files:'
        print 'rm %s' % ' '.join(tmp_static + tmp_template)
        print

    # This is the numbered of templates rendered
    return tmp_template, sum(len(a['template']) for a in ASSETS.values())



def ext_split(value, split):
    """Extended split function handling None and '' splitter.

    :param value:  the value to be split
    :param split:  the splitter
    :returns:      the split value

    >>> ext_split('', ',')
    ()
    >>> ext_split('PAR', 'A')
    ('P', 'R')
    >>> ext_split('PAR', '')
    ('P', 'A', 'R')
    >>> ext_split('PAR', None)
    'PAR'
    """
    if split is None:
        return value

    if split == '':
        # Here we convert a string like 'CA' into ('C', 'A')
        return tuple(value)

    # Python split function has ''.split(';') -> ['']
    # But in this case we prefer having [] as a result
    if not value:
        return ()

    return tuple(value.split(split))


def recursive_split(value, splits):
    """Recursive extended split.

    :param value:  the value to be split
    :param splits: the list of splitters
    :returns:      the split value

    >>> recursive_split('PAR^Paris/Parys', ['^', '/'])
    (('PAR',), ('Paris', 'Parys'))
    >>> recursive_split('|PAR|=', ['=', '|'])
    (('', 'PAR', ''),)

    Multiple splits on empty string should return empty tuple.

    >>> recursive_split('', ['^'])
    ()
    >>> recursive_split('', ['^', '/'])
    ()
    >>> recursive_split('', ['^', '/', ':'])
    ()
    """
    # Case where no subdelimiters
    if not splits:
        return value

    if len(splits) == 1:
        return ext_split(value, splits[0])

    if len(splits) == 2:
        return tuple(ext_split(v, splits[1])
                     for v in value.split(splits[0]) if v)

    if len(splits) == 3:
        return tuple(tuple(ext_split(sv, splits[2])
                           for sv in ext_split(v, splits[1]) if sv)
                     for v in value.split(splits[0]) if v)

    raise ValueError('Sub delimiter "%s" not supported.' % str(splits))


def tuplify(s):
    """
    Convert iterable into tuple,
    if string just put in in a tuple.

    >>> tuplify('test')
    ('test',)
    >>> tuplify(['test', 'titi'])
    ('test', 'titi')
    """
    if isinstance(s, str):
        return (s,)
    else:
        return tuple(s)


def download_if_not_here(resource, filename, verbose=True):
    """
    Download a remote file only if target file is not already
    in local directory.
    Returns boolean for success or failure, and path
    to downloaded file (may not be exactly the same as the one checked).
    """
    # If in local directory, we use it, otherwise we download it
    if op.isfile(filename):
        if verbose:
            print '/!\ Using "%s" already in local directory for "%s"' % \
                    (filename, resource)
        return True, filename

    if verbose:
        print '/!\ Downloading "%s" in local directory from "%s"' % \
                (filename, resource)
    try:
        dl_filename, _ = urlretrieve(resource, filename)
    except IOError:
        return False, None
    else:
        return True, dl_filename


def build_get_phonemes(method):
    """Compute phonemes method and matching phonemes method.
    """
    if method == 'metaphone':
        get_phonemes = lambda s: dmeta(s)[0]
        matcher = lambda s1, s2: s1 == s2

    elif method == 'dmetaphone-strict':
        get_phonemes = dmeta
        matcher = lambda s1, s2: s1 == s2

    elif method == 'dmetaphone':
        get_phonemes = dmeta
        matcher = lambda s1, s2: set(s1) & set(s2) - set([None])

    elif method == 'nysiis':
        get_phonemes = nysiis
        matcher = lambda s1, s2: s1 == s2

    else:
        raise ValueError('Accepted methods are %s' % \
                         ['metaphone', 'dmetaphone-strict', 'dmetaphone', 'nysiis'])

    return get_phonemes, matcher



def build_cache_key(*args, **kwargs):
    """Build key for the cache of fuzzyFind, based on parameters.

    >>> build_cache_key(GeoBase.fuzzyClean('paris de gaulle'), 'name', max_results=None, min_match=0, from_keys=None)
    ('paris+de+gaulle', 'name', None, None, 0)
    >>> build_cache_key(GeoBase.fuzzyClean('Antibes SNCF 2'), 'name', max_results=3, min_match=0, from_keys=None)
    ('antibes', 'name', None, 3, 0)
    """
    # We handle the fact that dictionary are not sorted, but this
    # will build the smae key for parameters
    return tuple(args) + tuple(kwargs[k] for k in sorted(kwargs))



def _test():
    """When called directly, launching doctests.
    """
    import doctest

    extraglobs = {
        'geo_o': GeoBase(data='ori_por',  verbose=False),
        'geo_a': GeoBase(data='airports', verbose=False),
        'geo_t': GeoBase(data='stations', verbose=False),
        'geo_f': GeoBase(data='feed',     verbose=False)
    }

    opt =  (doctest.ELLIPSIS |
            doctest.NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE)
            #doctest.REPORT_ONLY_FIRST_FAILURE)
            #doctest.IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL)

    doctest.testmod(extraglobs=extraglobs, optionflags=opt)



if __name__ == '__main__':
    _test()

