/Volumes/External/txt/0100000-0137030/US100001.txt	No. 100,001. 
J. ARRINGTON, 
Walking Planter. 
Patented Feb. 22, 1870. 
 
 
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UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE. 
JOSEPH ARR INGTON, OF LIVINGSTON, ALABAM. A. 
IMPROVERENT INSEED-PALNTERS AND FERTILIZER-DISTRIBUTERS, 
Specification forming part of Letters Patent No. 100,00A, dated February 22, 1st (). 
To all ution, it nually concern. 
Be it known that I, JoSEPHARRINGTON, of 
Livingston, in the county of Sumter and State 
of Alabama, have invented a new and useful 
Improvement in Seed-Planters and Fertilizer 
Distributers; and I do hereby declare that the 
following is a full, clear, and exact descrip 
tion thereof, which will enable others skilled 
in the art to make and use the same, reference 
being had to the accompanying drawings, 
forming part of this specification, in which 
Figure 1 is a side view of my inproved ma 
chine, parts being broken away to show the 
construction. Fig. 2 is a top view of the same, 
parts being broken away to show the con 
struction. Fig. 3 is a detail top view of the 
dropping device, showing it adjusted for dis 
tributing a fertilizer. Fig. 4 is a detail sec 
tional view of the same, taken through the line 
& 2, Fig. 3. 
Similar letters of reference indicate corre 
Sponding parts. 
My invention has for its object to furnish a 
simple, convenient, and effective machine 
which shall be so constructed and arranged 
that it may be easily and conveniently adjust 
ed for planting cotton-seed or other seed or 
for distributing guano or other fine fertilizer, 
doing its work well and thoroughly in either 
capacity; and it consists in the construction 
and combination of various parts of the ma 
chine, as hereinafter more fully described. 
A is the plow-beam, B are the handles, 
and C is the plow-standard, to the lower end 
of which the opening or furrowing plow D is 
attached, about the construction of which 
parts there is nothing new. 
To the plow-beam Aare attached the lower 
ends of the standards or supports E, with the 
upper ends of which are connected the for 
ward ends of the bar F. The real ends of the 
bar F are placed one upon each side of the 
standard C, in which position they are sup 
ported by a pin, G, which passes through the 
said standard and enters notches in the lower 
edges of the said bars F. The bars F are se 
cured in place upon the pin G by a slide con 
nected with the standard C, and which may 
be pushed down to rest upon the bars For 
drawn up to allow said bars to be removed. 
Hare the feed-boards, which are placed in 
inclined grooves in the inner sides of the bars 
F, and are adjustably secured in place by the 
bolts I and thumb-nuts J, said bolts I passing 
through the said bars F, as shown in the draw 
lings. 
K is the hopper, which rests upon the bars 
F, and is detachably secured in place by 
hooks, as shown in dotted lines in Fig. 1. 
L is a roller, the journals of which work in 
bearings in the bars F, and to which is at 
tached a series of projecting pins or spikes, 
which pass between similar pins or spikes 
projecting from the lower parts of the feed 
boards H, between the lower parts of which 
boards the Said roller Works. 
To the projecting end of one of the jour 
nals of the roller L is attached, or upon it is 
formed, a crank, M, to the crank-pin of which 
is pivoted a connecting-rod, N, either by 
forming a hole in said rod to receive the 
crank-pin or by forming a notch or loop in 
said rod to receive and ride upon said crank 
pin. This latter construction I prefer, as it 
allows the connecting-rod N to be conven 
iently detached and placed upon the hook O, 
attached to the frame of the planter, so that 
the machine may be taken from place to place 
without operating the dropping device. The 
forward end of the rod N is pivoted to the 
crank-pin of the crank P, formed upon the 
end of one of the journals of the wheel Q, the 
journals of which revolve in bearings in the 
standards R, attached to the forward end of 
the plow-beam. The standards R may be ad 
justably attached to the beam A, so that the 
wheel Q may be raised or lowered to regulate 
the depth at which the machine works in 
the ground. 
The dropping device heretofore 
described is designed for use in planting cot 
ton-seed, the spikes or pins drawing the seed 
out uniformly. 
S is a smallhopper placed beneath the bars 
F, and attached to the beams A, which receives 
the seed from the dropping device and guides 
it into the spout T, by which it is conducted 
to the ground just in the rear of the opening 
or furrowing plow D. 
U are two covering-spades, attached to the 
sides of the standards C in such positions as 
to force inward the Sides of the furrow and 
cover the seeds. The covering of the seeds is 
completed by the block or drag V, the lower 
side of which is concaved to give the proper 
- 
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form to the row, and which is attached to the 
rear ends of the draft-rods W, the forward ends 
of which are attached to the sides of the plow 
beam A. The covering-block V is supported 
by the rods X, the lower ends of which are 
secured to said block V, and the upper ends of 
which have screw-threads cut upon them, pass 
up through holes in the bar Y, attached to the 
handles B and standard C, and have nuts 
placed upon them, so that by turning the said 
nuts in one or the other direction the block 
W may be raised or lowered to regulate the 
depth at which the seed is covered in the 
ground. 
When the machine is to be used for distrib 
uting guano or other fine fertilizer, the Spiked 
or toothed roller L and the spiked or toothed 
feed-boards H are detached, and the roller L. 
having cups or recesses formed in its face and 
being provided with a crank, and the feed 
boards H, provided with brushes, as shown in 
Figs. 3 and 4, are used in their places. The 
latter dropping devices, L H', may also be 
used for dropping seeds other than cotton 
seed, the size of the recesses in the roller L'be 
ing regulated by the size or quantity of seed 
to be dropped. 
When the machine, is to be 
used for distributing a fertilizer, the covering 
device V W X U may be detached. 
The crank P of the wheel Q should be made 
shortel than the crank of the dropping-cylin 
del, So that the dropping cylinder or roller 
may not be revolved, but only turned or 
rocked through so much of a revolution as 
will transfer the seed or fertilizer to the 
guide-hopper S and conductor-spout T. 
Having thus described my invention, Iclaim 
as new and desire to secure by Letters Pat 
ent 
1. The combination and arrangement of the 
detachable hopper K, detachable bars F, de 
tachable feed-boards H, whether provided 
with teeth or brushes, dropping roller or cyl 
inder L, whether provided with teeth or re 
cesses, guide-hopper S, conducting-spout T, 
crank M, connecting-rod N, crank P, and 
gage-wheel Q, with each other and with the 
plow-frame A B C, substantially as herein 
shown and described, and for the purpose set 
forth. 
2. In combination with the hopper S, Spout 
T, opening-plow D, and the frame A B C, the 
covering-block V, when arranged to be ad 
justed vertically by means of rods a, bar Y, 
and screw-nuts, whereby said coverer main 
tains a fixed relation to the plows, as shown 
and described. 
JOSEPH ARRINGTON. 
Witnesses: 
H. W. No RVILL, 
W. A. C. JONES. 
 

/Volumes/External/txt/0100000-0137030/US100002.txt	2 
100,002 
3. The provision of a pair of double-threaded 
I claim herein as new and of my invention- 
I. The inking-roller housings constructed springs, N n N ', at each side of the roller 
In testimony of which invention I hereunto 
with open bearings c, and pivoted to levers H frame, for the object stated. 
H, fulcrumed upon the operating-arms II', in 
combination. With Springs N, for pressing the set my hand. 
roller-frame toward the form -bed, substan- 
tially as set forth. 
2. The guard or fender PQ. R. R. R', sub- 
stantially as set forth, and for the purposedes- 
ignated. 
GEO. H. KNIGHT, 
JAMES II. LuAYIMIAN. 
Witnesses: 
"Q Vr 
HENRY BARTH. 
YA 
 

/Volumes/External/txt/0100000-0137030/US100003.txt	No. 100,003. 
PATENTED FEB, 22, 1870. 
PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL, 
8 SHEETs-SHEET 2. 
H, BESSEMER. 
 
 
 
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No. 100,003, 
PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS 
PATENTED FEB, 22, 1870. 
FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL. 
, BESSEMER 
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No. 100,003, 
PATENTED FEB, 22, 1870. 
PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL, 
H, BESS?EMER, 
8 SHEETS-SIEET 4. 
 
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No. 100,003. 
PATENTED FEB, 22, 1870, 
PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL 
8 SHEETS-SHEET 5. 
, H, BESSEMER. 
. 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
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No. 100,003. 
PATENTED FEB, 22, 1870, 
PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL. 
8 SHEETs-SHEET 6. 
H. BESSEMER. 
 
 
No. 100,003, 
PATENTED FEB, 22, 1870. 
PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL 
8 SHEETS-8HEET T. 
H. BESSIEMER. 
 
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UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE. 
 
HENRY BESSEMER, OF LONDON, GREAT BRITAIN. 
IMPROVEMENT IN PROCESSES AND APPARATUS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON AND STEEL 
Specification forming part of Letters Patont No. 100,003, dated February 22, 1870. 
. 
. 
. 
w To all whom it may concern: 
Be it known that I, HENRY BEssEMER, of 
Queen Street Place, Cannon Street, in the city 
of London, a subject of the Queen of Great 
Britain, have invented or discovered new and 
useful Inprovements in the Manufacture of 
Cast Steel and IIomogeneous Malleable Iron, 
and in the fusion or melting of different kinds 
or qualities of iron and steel anal their alloys, 
and also in the construction and mode of work. 
. ing the furnaces and appartins cumployed for 
sucli purposes; and I, the said IHENRY BEs 
SEMER, do hereby declare the nature of the 
said invention, aid in what manner the same 
is to be performed, to be particularly described 
and ascertained in and by the following state 
ment tluereof-that is to say: 
. 
When cast-steel and homogeneous iron are 
made by the fusion in crucibles of blistered 
steel or bar-iron, or when they are made from 
other qualities or kinds of iron or steel free, or 
nearly free, from carbon, an extremely high 
temperature is required for their fusion, and in 
the ordinary air-furnaces employed for this 
purpose a very large quantity of expensive 
fuel is consumed in this melting process. 
Now, therefore, one of the chiefobjects sought 
- to be obtained by means of my present inveni 
tion is a more rapid and less expensive mode 
of fusing malleable iron and steel of different 
kinds, and obtaining cast-steel and homoge. 
neous malleable iron therefrom. 
It will be understood that in fusing sub 
stances requiring so extremely high a tem 
perature as is necessary to fuse malleable iron, 
intensity of heat rather than quantity is the 
condition essential to the successful working 
of furnaces employed for that purpose. For a 
substance which requires 3,0000 of temperature 
to produce complete fusion may be kept at a 
temperature of 2,9000 for whole days in suc 
'cession without becoming thoroughly melted, 
when the mere addition of only 1000 or 2000 of 
heat would, in that particular case, have pro 
duced a complete fusion of the substance ili a 
very short period of time. This well-known 
... law of matteroperates most disadvantageously 
in those cases where the fusing-point of the 
substance to be operated upon closely ap 
proaches the limit of heat attainable by the 
is combustion of fuel by a draft or blast of air in 
ordinary, furnaces. . 
It is well known that atmospheric air and . . 
..other gaseous fluids in a heated state acquire 
a still higher degree of temperature by their 
compression or condensation into a smaller 
space than they had previously occupied, such 
increase of temperature being in proportion to 
their reduced bulk, or to the number of atmos 
pheres forced into the space usually occupied 
by one. Now, l avail myself of this last-named 
property of gaseous fluids, and I construct 
furnaces of sufficient strength to withstand an 
internal pressure equal to two or more atmos 
plhe?es, and I retain in such furnaces the pro 
ducts of combustion under su clh an excess of 
pressurd over that of the external air as will 
produce the high temperature necessary for 
rapidly fusing malleable-iron and steel of any 
kind or quality. 
- 
I however desire it to be understood that I 
do not propose by this means to generate a 
greater quantity of heat by the combustion or 
uinon of a giyala ?uantity of carbon and oxy 
geal that is obtained by such nucans in well 
constructed furnaces. For the compression of 
the gaseous products of combustion within a 
furnacedoes not generate leat, but merely coir 
centrates into a smaller space and gives great 
er intensity to the same quantity or number of 
units of heat as would lhave existed in a more 
diffused state had not pressure been applied; 
hence wherever the temperature produced by 
the combustion offuel in ordinary furnaces hav 
ing a free escape to the climncy is suflicient for 
any desired object-as, for instance, the evap 
oration of water in steam-boilers-a loss would 
be sustained by compressing the gaseous pro 
ducts of combustion in such furnaces, for the . 
amount of engine-power required to compress 
the gases would exceed the power obtained 
from the increased quantity of steam gener 
ated in consequence of such compression, all 
other conditions being cqual; but whet) the 
highest temperature produced in ordinally far 
naces with a free escape is actually less, or 
when it only, by a small amount, exceeds the 
temperature absolutely required in any process, 
the case is entirely altered, and by retaining 
the heated products of combustion in a highly 
condensed or compressed state in a close cham 
ber or furnace I am enabled to obtain a much 
higher degree of temperature within the fur 
nace than would result from the same expendli 
w 
 
fl00,008 
3 
- 
the plumbago mixed with clay may be formed 
intumolded bricks of the same composition as 
employed in the manufacture of plumbago 
crucibles. In either case it will be found more 
economical to partly line the furnace with or 
dinary fire-brick, and to form : ninternal skin 
or lining only of a few inches in thickness of 
the more expensive plumbago composition. It 
i is also desirable to use the ordinary fire-brick 
for the external part of the lining, because it 
is a much slower conductor of heat than plum. 
bago, and will better protect the outer metal 
shell from the effects of internal heat. 
When the cheapaess of theiron or steel pro 
duced is of more importance t'an the extreme 
purity or high quality of the metal, I prefer to 
use the cupola form of furnace, consisting of 
an upright fixed cylindical or slightly-conical 
vessel, with or without boshes, and having a 
dome or covered top, through which the metal 
to be melted and the fuel'used for that purpose 
are admitted by an iron door faced with fire 
brick, but having externally a close metal fit 
ting to prevent the escape of flame and heated 
gases. The door may be circular in form and 
be supported on a strong movable iron arm, ar 
ranged with a lever and cam, or with a worm 
wheel and screw, for the purpose of securing 
the door firmly in place. The iron arm also 
carries an upright cylinder of plate-iron hav. 
ing a movable bottom or grid. Into this cyl 
inder the charge of fuel and metal is put, so 
that on the removal of the door the cylinder is 
brought over the opening into the furnace. 
The bottom or grid is then withdrawn and the 
fuel and metal allowed to fall into the furnace, 
after which the door is again moved over the 
opening and secured firmly in place by nueans 
of the lever or screw. The blast should be shut 
off, or nearly so, during the charging of the 
furnace, after which it may be again turned on, 
and the operation of the furnace continued as 
before. 
In order to prevent an undue leakage of 
flame and heated gases from between the feed 
ing-door and the adjacent parts and their con 
sequent rapid destruction by the intense heat 
of the flame, I make a hollow channel around 
the door or frame, into which I convey steam or 
a blast of air, the pressure of which exceeds the 
pressure within the furnace, so that whatever 
leakage unavoidably occurs it is simply a leak 
age of steam or cold airinward, instead ofaleak 
age of flame outward from the furnace. I also 
cool the parts adjacent to all openings, where 
necessary, by the circulation of water through 
suitable channelsformed in those parts; and in 
furnaces requiring a very large feeding-door, in 
lieu of using the lever or screw arrangement, I 
secure the door in place by means of air, steam, 
or water pressure acting on the door by means df 
a piston with a greater force than is exerted on 
the door in an opposite direction by the press 
ure of the gases within the furnace, and thus 
secure the door firmly on its seat. The re 
moval of the pressure thus applied by opening 
- 
. 
. 
. 
. 
or reversing a valve allows the door to be re 
moved rapidly. There is also provided an es. 
cape-opening (or openings) for the products of 
combustion, the area of which is capable of al 
teration and adjustment by means of small cyl 
inders of fire-clay or other pieces of that mate. 
rial inserted in the opening for the purpose of 
reducing its area. 
I prefer to use several tuyeres for conveying 
the blast-among the fuel, and to make them of 
fire-clay or plumbago, although water-tuyeres 
may be employed in lieu thereof. The blast 
may be heated or cold; but I prefer to heat it 
to a high temperature, and the pressure of the 
blast may range, from two to six pounds per 
square itch (more or less) over the pressure of 
the confined gaseous products within the fur 
nace. The pressure of the latter will depend 
somewhat on the nature of the fuel employed 
and the more or less refractory character of the 
metal to be fused, and for these and other rea 
sons it may range from a few pounds to several 
atmospheres of pressure on each square-inch 
of the interior surface of the furnace. Some 
of the tuyeres employed direct the blast hori. 
zontally or upward, while others directitdown. 
ward at about an angle of thirty to forty-five 
degrees, so as to heat as much as possible the 
lower part of the furnace and the molten metal 
collected there. . 
When the tuyeres which dip downward are 
intended to heat the metal on the hearth, I 
place then sufficiently high up to cause the air 
to traverse a considerable depth of incandies. . 
cent fuel before reaching the surface of the 
metal; but if the tuyeres which are directed 
downward are placed only a short distance 
above the level of the fluid metal the blast will 
tend to refine or decarbonize the metal, so that 
the quantity of carbon taken up from the fuel 
may, if desired, be thus reduced. The horizon 
tal or upward tuyeres may be used simultane 
ously with them or they may be shut off dur 
ing the refining operation. . . . 
The tuyeres may also serve, when required, 
to convey any solid, fluid, or gaseous natters 
into the furnace that may be found desirable 
to act on the fuel or on the metal or upon the 
impurities contained therein-such as lime, car 
bonate of soda-chloride of calcium, or other: 
flux, as already known or practiced with other 
furnaces and in other processes of manufactur 
ing iron and steel. 
The mode and apparatus by which prefer 
to convey any solid substance in the form of 
powder along with the blast of air into the fur 
nace is shown in vertical sttion at Figure 4, 
Sheet C. Iintroduce such matters into the close 
vessel in through a valvular opening, ac, which 
is closed by a bail, y, through which the screw 
2 passes, and by means of which the valve is 
held down. The lower part of the vessel is 
conical, and is fitted onto the main blast-pipe 
by a flange, m, with which it communicates, 
A vertical spindle, p, passes up the center of 
the vessel, and, also passes out through the 
' ' . . . 
' 
 
- 
4 
stuffing-box 1, formed in the cover n' of the 
vessel. The spindle p carries at its upper end 
a drum, r, by means of which rotary motion 
may becommunicated thereto. The lower end 
of this spindle is provided with a screw-blade, 
s, which reaches down into the blast-pipe a. 
The pipe u and stop-cock supply air to the 
upper part of the vessel n, by means of which 
the pressure above and below the powdered 
substancesis equalized, so that the powder may 
fall down into the blast-pipe as quickly or 
slowly as desired, depending on the velocity 
of the feeding-screw, and be carried forward 
into the furnace, and distributed among the 
lumps of incandescent fuel. A tapping-hole 
is also provided, as usual in cupola-furnaces, 
and a door for cieansing out the slags and for 
- 
repairing the furnace when necessary. 
There is also provided a means of taking the 
cupola in two parts, for the purpose of facili 
tating the lining of it with brick-work, or for 
lining it with moistened powdered thaterials 
to be rammed in around a suitable core or 
mold, as practiced in lining the Bessemer con 
verter. The flanges which unite the two parts 
I prefer to face in the lathe, so as to admit of 
then forming a sound joint when bolted to 
gether. 
. The upper portion of the cupola may be. 
lifted off with a crane, and will not require re 
lining so frequently as the lower part, which is 
acted on by the fused metal and slags. 
The tapping-hole I prefer to form by ram 
ming loam around a small truncated cone of 
well-burned fire-clay, which may be easily 
driven into the furnace by a blow of the tap 
ping-rod, and thus open the tap-hole rapidly, 
and of a size dependent on the diameter of the 
small end of the conical piece of clay. The 
metal, when melted, is thus drawn off into a 
ladle, in order to be transferred to anolds, as 
practiced with the casting of ingots or other 
masses of Bessemer steel. 
The addition of spiegeleisen or other alloys 
of iron, if they be used, may be made to the 
metal after it has been tapped from the fur 
nace into the castling-ladle; or the metal may 
be used alone or be mixed with ordinary molt 
en pig-iron in any desired proportion, and be 
used for casting a variety of articles requiring 
a foundry-iron of superior strength and hard 
iness; or it inay be applied to such other pur. 
pose:3 as its peculiar properties may render it 
suitable for. 
And in order that the mode of constructing 
and working the fixed bigh-pressure cupola. 
furnace may be fully understood, I have rep 
resented the same on Sheet A of the drawings. 
h(reunto annexed, where-- 
Figure 1 is a vertical section on the line AB 
(of Pig. 2. Fig. 2 is a horizontal section on the 
line U D of Fig. 1. 
Fig. 3 is a front elevation 
of the furnace, and TFig. 4 a plan of the upper 
part of the same, and Figs. 5 and 6 vertical 
sections of the escape-aperture. 
a is the outer shell of the furnace, formed of 
00,603 
strong plates of iron, riveted and calked air 
tight at all laps and joints, and having gusset 
pieces a', to strengthen the bottom of it. 
l) is an internal lining of fire-brick, plum 
bago, ganister, or other refractory material. 
ce are fire-clay tuyeres molded square ex 
ternally, and having a round hole through 
them for the passage of the blast. They are in 
serted through the square iron frames d, which 
are secured by countersunk rivets to the sluell 
a, and are beveled on the inside. The outer ends 
of the tuyeres c are enlarged or made taper, 
and the space between these enlarged parts 
aid the beveled sides of the frames d is calked 
with iron-cement, (iron borings and sal-ammo 
niac,) so that the escape of gases from the fur 
inace around the tuyeres is prevented, and the 
pressure of the flanges e of the blast-pipes f 
against the enlarged ends of the tuyeres is 
also prevented fron forcing the tuyeres c into 
the furnace by reason.of their enlarged ends 
and the iron-cement around them, while the 
blast-pipe flange e, by being securely bolted 
to the i un frannes d, also prevent the internal 
pressure acting on the ends of the tuyeres from 
driving them outward. The blast-pipesfare 
bolted to the main air-trunk g by flanges f*. 
The air-trunk g may, if desired, be placed 
below the level of the floor, and in that case 
the pipeg, conducting air from any suitable 
blast-engine, will be more couveniently situ 
ated. Blast- engines such as are generally 
employed in the Bessemer process are well 
adapted for this process. . 
An equilibrium-valve is placed in the main 
pipeg, conveniently near to the furnace, by 
means of which the blast may be turned on or 
off, or moderated from time to time, as desired. 
The feeding-door of these furnaces is so small 
that it is necessary to provide a special means 
of entering the furnace for relining the interior . 
from time to time. For the purpose of giving 
convenient access to all parts of the interior 
I divide the furnace into two parts by massive 
angle-flanges h h, which are faced so as to form. 
an air-tight joint, and are secured together by 
bolts and nuts, as shown ath. When the fur 
nace is to be repaired the upper part may be 
lifted off with a crane when the lower part will 
be readily accessible. A small flange, a?, pre 
vents the brick-work of the upper part from 
being displaced when lifted off, 
The furnace is provided with a spout, i, lined 
with loan, for conducting the metal into the 
casting-ladle. A doorj, is formed at this part, 
having only a small opening in it. By unbolt. 
ing this door and removing part of the lining, 
the furnace Inay be cleaned out, the lining be. 
ing afterward made up, as in ordinary cupola 
furnaces; but I prefer in making up the tap 
hole to insert a conical piece of well-burned 
fire-brick, as shown at in, so that when the metal. 
is to be drawn off from the furnace the work. 
man, instead of having to drive a hole through 
the solid material with a pointed bar, will 
simply drive the cone n into the furnace, and 
100,003 
6 
bracket, O, to the crane-arm. The lower part per square inel; in excess of the atmospheric 
of the cylinder I has a plate, Q, fitted to it. pressure one square inch area of outlet may be 
The plate. Q is keyed onto an upright spindle, reckoned approximately, as the area required 
R, supported by bearings S, attached to the for every two hundred-weight of coke burned 
side of the cylinder, the upper end of the spin- per hour in such furnaces. 
On Sheet A, I have shown the outlet of the 
dle having a handle, T, by means of which the 
plate Qis made to close or open the bottom end furnace at U. In the sittiplest form it consists 
of the cylinder. 
of a square block of fire-brick having around 
While the furnace is under blast the work- hole in it of the desired size. It is made with 
men will put a charge of coke or other fuel into a shoulder externally, which abuts against the 
the cylinder, and along with it the scrap or interior of the casing (, to prevent its being 
other malleable metal to be fused, and when forced out by internal pressi (re. A slight dif. 
the cylinder is filled the blast may be turned ference in the area of the outlet materially ef. 
off, the handles L put in motion, and the door fects the condition of the furnace. It is hence 
a lifted sufficiently to allow the crane-arm to desirable to have some illeaps of altering it. 
be moved round until the feeding-cylinder I is In Fig. 5 I have shown a vertical seguion of an 
brought vertically over the mouth of the fur- outlet-block, V, having two internal diameters, 
nace. A slight movement of the handle T will forming a shoulder. In to this a small fire-clay 
remove the plate Q. from beneath the cylinder cylinder, W, is put for the purpose of contract 
and allow all the fuel and metal to fall at onceing the area of outlet, and at Fig. G a similar 
into the furnace. The crane-arm is then quick-outlet-block is shown at X, having a small 
ly moved back into its former position and the piece of molded fire-brick, Y, inserted therein, 
door is ag in forced down by turning the han- and projecting sufficiently to be lifted out by 
dles, an operation in practice occupying from a pair of tongs and be replaced by other pieces 
thirty to forty seconds of time. Immediately of different size. In both figures I have shown 
after the closing of the furnace the blast is a flange-plate, Z, by which the outlet-blocks 
turned on and the operations of the furnace re- are retained in place. By unscrewing this 
sumed, and at such intervals as are found nec-flange-plate the outlet-block, when too much 
essary the same operation may be repeated. worn, can be readily replaced by a new one. 
In the plan, Fig. 4, the crane-arm is shown in 
I would remark that the amount of pressure 
the position it occupies during the time that up to which the gaseous products are kept 
the fuel is being discharged into the furnace. within the furnace will depend chiefly on the 
The plate Q is also shown removed from under regulation of the pressure of the blast, the es 
it... I prefer to take the supply of air to the cape-aprture being also regulated so as to 
door at from the main blast-pipeata point where prevent the pressure going below or getting 
the equilibrium-valve does not shut off the sup- above the point desired. In some cases the 
ply. The air will thus continue to flow during escape of the flame and heated matters may 
the time the fuel is being supplied to the fur- be regulated, as hereinafter more fully de 
nace, and in the act of moving the door again scribed, by a loaded valve, the face of which 
- over its seat the numerous jets of air from the is formed of well-burned fire clay or other re 
small drilled passages before named will blow fractory matters, in which case a stop may be 
away with considerable force any small parti. provided, so as to prevent the valve from en 
cles of fuel or other matter from the surface tirely closing; but I prefer that the escape 
against which the door fits. 
should take place through one or more plain 
In order to admit of the motion of the crane-apertures, as above described, as it may be 
arm and to continue the connection with the thus more easily directed in a manner so as 
air-supply, the pipe 2 is taken tr the top of the effectually to utilize the heat of the escaping 
crane-post and is there jointed to the pipe 2*. flame, which may be directed onto or into a 
This piece of pipe 2 is made of thin copper or bath containing the spiegeleisen to be used 
pewter, and will spring sufficiently to allow of at the end of the process; or the heat may be 
the slight rise and fall of the furnace-door. 
employed to bring up the temperature of the 
One of the chief peculiarities of this mode of metal and fuel previous to its being introduced 
Working furnaces under a high pressure of the into the furnace. It may also be used for heat 
gaseous products within them is the outlet for ing the blast or to generate the steam required 
the escape of flame so different to the ordinary to work the blast-engine by causing the heated 
cupola-furnace, where the outlet is generally products to pass under or through the tubes 
equal to the full diameter of the furnace; but of an ordinary steam-boiler. 
when Working under pressure in one of these 
Although I have described a fixed or station. 
high-pressure furnaces I have found that an ary cupola-furnace, I nevertheless prefer, in 
opening of two and one-fourth inches in diame- most cases, to employ another modification of 
ter is sufficient for a furnace whose transverse the apparatus in which thccupola is suspended 
area is five hundred and seventy-two square on trunnions, and is capable of being tipped 
inches, the outlet being about one hundred and or moved thereon in a manner simil' is the 
forty-fourth part of the sectional area of the notion of the ordinary Besseiner convering 
furnace. Thus it has been found that with an vessel, and whereby the metal may be poured 
internal pressure of steen to eighteen pounds out of the furnace from an opening situated 
. . 
. 
t 
00003 
- 
V 
5 
. 
. 
thus open a passage at once equal to the size 
part of the lump which forms the upper side 
of piece attached. A small cross-bar and screw 
of the narrow annular space left between it and 
(not shown in the drawings) may be employed 
the top of the furnace-lining not reaching ared 
to prevent the accidental blowing out of the 
he: it in consequence of the slow leakage of cold 
cone, the bar extending across the door j, and 
air inward. It will be understood that steam 
the screw pressing against the small end of the 
in lieu of air may be applied to this purpose, 
if desired, provided its pressure exceeds that. 
BOne 2. 
It will be readily understood that in fur 
of the gaseous products within the furnace. 
naces working under great internal pressure a 
In order to remove the door at from the mouth 
special arrangement is necessary to secure the 
of the furnace and readily replace it, as re 
feeding-door against a leakage of the highiy 
quired, I employ a sort of crane-arm, which 
heated products of combustion, and against a 
consists of two stout plate-iron cheeks, AA, 
force, it may be, of several tons, tending to 
bolted to the crane-post B. This latter is sup. 
force it open, the arrangement also being such 
ported at its lower end in a socket, C, bolted to 
as to admit of the easy and rapid opening and 
the angle-flangeh. The upperend of the crane 
closing of the door for the admission of fuel 
post is supported by a strong bracket, D, hav 
and metal. One of the modes which I employ 
ing a hole through it, in which the crane-post 
for this purpose is shown applied to the upper 
turns. At E is a movable collar fitting into 
part of the furnace delineated on Sheet A. 
a journal formed on the crane-post, for the pur 
On the upper or crown plate or dome, a, of 
pose of preventing the crane-post from being 
the furnace I rivet a stout ring of iron, p, 
lifted upward when pressure is applied to the 
around which a hoop, r, is tightly shrunk. On 
furnace-door. Between the checks A a piece 
leaving a space or annular channel, s, in which 
of iron, A, is firmly bolted, having a slot in 
water circulates for the purpose of keeping it 
the center, in which a worn-wheel, G, is fitted. 
cool, the water is supplied by the pipe o, and 
The wheel and its elongated bosses G* form, 
after circulating around the ring p it escapes 
also, a screw-nut, through which the screw H. 
by the pipe q. The ring p is also further pro 
works, a square part, H*, being formed on the 
tected by the lining of the furnace, as shown 
pper end of the screw to prevent its turning 
at . . 
found, but not preventing its free motion up 
The fire-door frame u and its covering-plate 
ward or downward through the block of iron 
w" is made, by preference, of wrought-iron, the 
A*, the holes in which are of a diameter equal 
frame having a conical interior, in order the bet 
to the largest diameter of the screw, and have 
ter tosupport the fire-lump v. The frame is has 
no interna threads formed in them, the holes 
a channel, ac, formed around its exterior surface, 
merely acting as guides for the screw H, which 
over which a hoop of iron, o, is shrunk, so as t 
carries on its lower end a plate, J, fitting 
complete the annular passage.ac. The lowersur 
loosely inside a flanged ring, K, which is se 
face of the frame wrests on the upper edge of the 
cured by leolts to the upper plate of the fur 
ring p, both these faces being surfaced and made 
nace-door. The object of thering Kand loosely 
true. The under side of the frame a has a small 
fitting plate J is to cause the door, when lifted, 
V-shaped groove or channel turned into it, and 
to be suspended in a horizontal position. The 
at about an inch apart all round this groove 
freedom thus given to the door is for the pur 
small holes are drilled, which pass upward at 
pose of allowing it always to find its proper 
an angle and connect the V-shaped grooved 
bearing on the wing p. The end of the screw 
channel with the annular space av. A pipe, 2*, 
H then coming in contact with the upper plate, 
conducts air from the main blast-pipe into the 
it, of the door will bind it firmly on its seat. 
channel ac, which passes thence down the nu 
For this purpose the handles L are mounted on 
merous small drilled channels, and tilus sup 
the shaft N, which also carries the worm P. 
plies air under pressure to the V-shaped groove 
This worn gears into the worm-wheel G, by the 
before named. Now, the pressure of the blast 
rotation of which the screw II is made to rise 
exceeds the ressure of the gases within the 
and fall without rotation, carrying with it the 
furnace. Consequently any imperfection in the 
door u. By the compound screw motion thus 
fitting of the door-frame at down upon the up 
arranged a very small exertion of force on the 
per ring, p, of the furnace, instead of allowing 
bandles will enable the door to be raised or low 
the highly-heated gases to escape and act die 
ered and retained in position, against the inter 
structively on the metal fittings, such gases 
nal pressure of the gaseous products of the fur 
are prevented from escaping, because in case 
nace. The move?hentupward of the docr need 
of imperfect fitting of the metallic surfaces the 
not exceed one-quarter of an inch to allow of 
air under pressure in the V-shaped groove will, 
its being moved on the crane from over the 
by reason of its superior pressure, force its way 
opening of the furnace. Two stops (not shown 
between the imperfect joint, partly escaping 
in the drawings) may be used to prevent the 
into the upper part of the furnace and partly 
crane-arm from being moved too far in either 
into the external atmosphere, thus keeping the 
For the purpose of facilitating the introduc 
surface cool and the metal-work from injury, 
By this means it is found that so much only of 
tion of fuel and metal into the furnace I em. 
the fire-lump, as is exposed to the directra- ploy a vertical feeding-cylinder, I, made of thin 
diant heat of the fire becomes red-hot, this plate-iron, which I secure by a strong iron 
direction. 
p 
100,003 
. 
w 
above the level of the metal, and thus much 
of the trouble and inconvenience of tapping 
the metal from the lowest part of the furnace 
is avoided, while it. also affords a convenient. 
means of pouring ont a sample of metal from 
time to time and running out any accumulated 
slags. When the movable form of cupolais 
employed the blast may be carried through the 
hollow axis or trunnions, or it may be conveyed 
through an arrangement of jointed pipes. So 
in like manner steam or water used for cooling 
any part of the furnace may be eonveyed to it. 
In order that the mode in which I construct 
high-pressure cupola-furnaces movable on axes 
may be fully understood, I have represented 
the same on Sheets B and C of the annexed 
drawings, where 
Fig. 1, Sheet, B, is a vertical section on the 
line A B of Fig. 1, Sheet C; and Fig. 2, Sheet 
B, is a front elevation of the furnace. Fig. 3, 
Sheet B, is a vertical section, showing the mode 
of admitting air and water through the trun 
nion or axis. Fig. 1, Sheet C, is a plan, and 
Fig. 2, Sheet C, is a horizontal section of the 
same furnace ontle line CD of Fig. 1, Sheet B. 
: In this modification of the cupola-furnace 
the mode of constructing the outer shell of riv 
eted plates, its lining of fire-brick, plumbago, 
organister, and the modes of making and fix 
ing the tuyeres are all identical with those al 
ready described in reference to the fixed cu 
pola - furnace shown on Sheet A of the an 
nexed drawings, as hereinbefore described. 
So, also, it will be seen that the whole of the 
crown or upper part of the movable cupola 
furnace, and the crane-arm and crane-post, 
furnace-door, worm-and-screw arrangement, 
and the feeding-cylinder are precisely like those 
before shown and described, and will therefore 
be understood without again repeating a de 
scription of them. I have, however, indicatedl 
the several parts of the apparatus which have 
been before described by the same letters of 
reference as were used to denote them on Sheet 
A, so that no mistake may be inade as to the 
nature or purpose of any such parts; and in 
describing the several parts of the movable 
furnace which are peculiar to it and not before 
described, I have used figures instead of let 
ters of reference to denote such parts. 
The cupola, movable on axes, may be support 
ed on strong standards resting on the ground 
at each side; but as such standards would be 
more or less in the way, I prefer to support the 
cupola on the cantilevers 1, which project from 
a solid wall, 2, forming part of a chimney or 
furnace, into which the gaseous matfers are 
projected with considerable velocity. The trun 
nions 3 and 4 project from a strong iron flanged 
band or trunnion-ring, 5, extenditugaround the 
cupola, and to which the lower angle-flange, h, 
is boited, and thus the two parts of the cupola 
are suspended. The trunnion3 extends beyond 
the plumber-block. 1, which is formed on the 
end of the cautilever 1, and is provided with 
a stuffing-box and gland, 6, through which the 
blast-pipe 7 enters. This is best seen in sec 
tion at Fig. 3, Sheet B. A smallpipe, 8, passes 
through a staffing-box formed at 9 on the elbow 
of the blast-pipe. The pipe 8 then passes up 
ward through the trunnion at 8, and is for 
the supply of water to the ring p, which forms 
the mouth of the furnace. The pipe 8, after 
passing some distance beneath the floor, bises. 
up and is connected with an elevated reser 
voir, for the supply of watertothering p. After 
circulating through the ring p the water de 
scends by the pipe 11 through the axis 4, and 
by means of the pipe 12 is conveyed away. 
The blast of air, after passing through the trun 
nion 3, descends by means of the pipe 13 into 
a cast-iron box, 14, secured to the lowerplates 
of the cupola. From this box the pipes.ff 
convey the blast into the tuyeres before de 
scribed in reference to the fixed cu pola upon , 
the upper part of the lorick-work. A stage is 
formed by the iron plate 16, which is supported 
by upright standards 17, which rest on the 
cantilevers 1. The stage thus formed is sur 
rounded by a railing, 18, and on it the work 
man is stationed who supplies fuel and metal 
to the furnace. A similar feeding-stage may 
be employed for the supply of fuel and metal 
to the fixed cupola hereinbefore described, but 
which is not shown in the drawings. A stage 
or standing-place should also be provided in 
both cases for the use of the workman who op 
erates the crane-arm and opens and shuts the 
furnace-door wil en required. 
The motion of the vessel on its axis may be 
effected by ordinary, spur-gearing in connec 
tion with a revolving shaft slowly turned by 
engine-power and capable of being thrown ita 
and out of gear or reversed by the ordinary 
means used for such purposes; or the cupola. 
may be moved by means of hydrostatic press 
ure, as usually applied for giving motion to 
Bessemer converting-vessels. I have shown a 
spur-wheel, 19, on the axis 4 of the cupola for 
this "urpose, but have omitted in the draw. . 
ings the hydrostatic apparatus, which is now 
well known and understood. 
In cupola-furnaces movable on axes the or 
dinary tapping-hole is replaced by an opening 
of much larger size, made in a piece of fire 
brick, and shown at 20. This piece is fitted. 
into a ring, 21, leaving a conical space between 
the fire-clay and ring 21. This space is calked 
with iron-borings, and not only, serves to pre 
vent the escape of gaseous matters from the 
furnace, but, a conical part being formed on the 
fire-clay piece, the latter is prevented from be 
ing forced out of the furnace by internal press 
ure. The ring 21 is secured to the shell of the 
furnace by countersunk rivets, and the front 
face of it is fitted to an iron cover, 23, by means 
of which the openingisclosed. An arch-shaped 
piece of iron, 24, falls into two notches made 
to receive its outer ends, and a screw, 25, passes. 
through a central boss in the arched piece. 
By means of this screw and its cross-handle 
the cover 23 is firmly held in place. The end 
8 
w 
100003 
; 
. 
of the screw is formed into aloose cone, fitting other fuel may, however, be employed, and also 
, so as to give some play and allow the cover to lime or other fluxes hitherto known or em. 
ployed for keeping the slags or cinder in a fiuid 
fit freely in place. A false ring or lip of fire 
state; and although I prefer to employ solid 
clay, 26, is fitted in so as to cause the stream 
of metal to flow clear of theiron surfaces when fuel, it will nevertheless be obvious that in 
the cupola is tipped up. For the discharge of 
cases where combustible gases and air are em 
ployed, as in the furnace known as Siemens re 
the metal a rough lump of burned fire-clay, 27, 
generative gas-furnace, or other gas-furnaces, 
is put into the opening, to intercept the radi 
or where liquid hydrocarbons are to be em. 
ant heat on its passage to the cover. A little 
ployed in the fusion of malleable iron or steel, 
loose sand may also be used; but E have not 
or melting of iron of any kind, this same sys 
found it necessary. 
tem of increasing the temperature by confining 
I have before stated that some of the tuyeres 
the flame and heated products of combustion 
may be made to dip, so as to direct the blast 
under pressure within the furnace may be em 
downward at an angle onto the metal. An ex 
ployed, the gaseous and liquid fuels and air 
ample of this form of tuyere is given at Fig. 3, 
being forced, by suitable force-pumps, into the 
Sheet C, which shows a section through the 
side of the cupola and tuyere, the several parts 
chamber or furnace where combustion takes 
place, and where they are retained under the 
being indicated, by the same letters of refer. 
desired pressure by means similar to those 
ence as are used to denote similar parts Oil 
hereill before described. 
Sheet A. And here I would remark that the 
In carrying into practice that part of my in 
same general mode of working may be followed 
vention which relates to the combustion of gases 
in fusing malleable iron ang steel, or other car 
under pressure in what inay be called a high 
ou'rets of iron, in movable cupolas, as described 
pressure gas-furnace' I proceed as follows: 
in reference to the fixed one, except that in 
The gases to be employed may be generated by 
stead of tapping all the metal at once the mov 
able cupola admits of taking out tests or sam 
the slow combustion of coal fuel on an inclined 
grate or in close retorts, as generally practiced 
ples of metal from time to time, if desired, and 
in making coal-gas for illuminating purposes, 
"also of running of the slags as they accumu 
to neitler of which modes of producing gas do 
late. 
I lay any claim. The gas thus or otherwise made 
In order to facilitate the fusion into a liquid 
may be received in suitable gasometers. I em. 
cinder all the impurities of the fuel and the 
ploy a combined gas and air forcing apparatus, 
materials derived from the furnace-lining, lime 
or other fluxes heretofore employed fr such 
in order to force both the air and gas into sep 
purposes may be used in uny improved fur 
arate receivers under the desired amount of 
pressure. For this purpose I prefer to use a 
naces in such quantities as the nature of the 
blast-engine constructed after the manner of 
fuel and other circumstances may render nec 
the blast-engines in general use in the Besse 
essary, such fluxing materials being introduced 
with the charges of fuel, or conveyed into the 
When using this kind of 
liner-steel process. 
blast-engine I disconnect the pipes of one of 
furnace by means of the blast, in the manner 
the air-cylinders from the air-vessel, and Icon 
hereinafter described. 
nect the exhaust-pipe of such cylinder with the 
The usual door for cleaning out cupola-fur 
gasometer before1named, and the delivery-pipes . 
races after use, although not shown in the 
of such cylinder I connect with a gas-receiver 
- drawings on Sheets B and O, may be used, as 
in which the gas is to be compressed to the de 
desired; but it will be found that by keeping 
sired extent. The other air-cylinder of the blast 
the slags fluid by a sufficient quantity of alka 
engine may be, as at present, connected to an 
line or other fluxes this opening may be dis 
air-receiver, so that by the simple alteration of 
pensed with. I would also observe that when 
these pipes and the addition of a gas-receiver 
malleable iron or steel is fused in cupola-fur. 
the blast-engine becomes applicable to the con 
naces there is a tendency to take up more car 
(lensation both of gas and air in separate res 
'bon than is desirable in some cases, notwith 
ervoirs under any desired amount ofpressure. 
'standing that the metal is coated with a vitreous 
The furnace which I prefer to employ for the 
flux, as before described. It will therefore be 
preferable to also protect the surface of the 
fusion of malleable iron and steel by the coin 
busion of gases under pressure is of the re 
molten metal as it accumulates by allowing a 
verberatory kind, and may be constructed af. 
little fluid cinder always to remain floating 
upon it, and, for the same reason, to employ as 
ter the manner of the several kinds of gas. 
furnaces known and in use except that in all. 
'small a quantity of fuel as is found sufficient 
to generate the necessary heat. For these real 
cases the entire mass of brick-work or other 
refractory substances of which the furnace is 
sons I prefer to employ the cupola-furnace in 
those cases where a slight degree of carbura 
constructed must be inclosed in a strong irol 
casing riveted and calked air-tight, and suffi. 
tion of the metal is not injurious, and to use 
ciently strong to withstand the internal press 
the reverberatory ?urnace for the fusion ofmal 
An example of this 
leable iron and the milder qualities of steel. 
| ure to be used therei. 
mode of casing a reverberatory furnac is given 
. The fuel, prefer to use is a good hard coke, 
or anthracite coal as pure and free from sul 
at Figs. 3 and 4-on Sheet D of the annexed 
drawings, which is, however, arranged for the 
phur as can be readily obtained. Charcoal or 
* 
: 
00003 
9 
combustion of solid fuel. In constructing simi. for the purpose of supplying air under press 
ure to the upper surface of the fluid, and thus 
lar furnaces for the combustion of gases under 
admit it to flow by gravity into the blast-pipe. 
pressure the fire-chamber will not be needed, 
In some cases it may be found preferable to 
and will be replaced by the air and gas flues, 
supply the fluid in jets at the tuyeres, the jet . 
or by the compound or other jet-pipes that are 
being in the center of the tuyere, in which case 
used to convey or mix and distribute the gas 
the employment of solid fuel may be dispensed 
and air into such furnaces. The door for the 
with, as is now well understood. I however 
admission of the metal to be fused, and the 
oy it in conjunction with solid 
prefer to empl 
exit-aperture for the escape of flame and other 
fuel for the purposes of my invention. 
gaseous products of combustion, may be made 
In order to protect the metal from an undue 
in the manner hereinbefore described in efer 
amount of oxidation or carburation during its 
ence to the feeding door and exit-openings of 
passage downward among the fuel and blast, 
the fixed cupola-furnace, or such modifications 
I prefer to coat the metal with a substance or 
thereof and alteration of position as the na 
compound capable of fusing at a moderate heat, 
ture and arrangement of the several kinds of 
and of forming a vitreous or glassy covering 
gas-furnaces known or in use may require. 
to the metal. For this purpose a mixture of clay, 
The quantity of air and gas admitted to the 
lime, and sand may be employed, either with 
furnace from time to time will be under the 
or without an admixture of red ore or alkaline . 
For this purpose a 
control of the workman. 
salts, these matters being mixed with water to 
slide-valve or equilibrium-valve is fitted both 
about the consistency of cream. The pieces of 
to the gas and air main pipes, and by means 
metal are to be dipped into or sprinkled over 
of them the supply of gas and air inay be 
with this semi-fluid matter and then dried be 
turned on or of, or be regulated as required. 
fore they are charged into the furnace. The 
The gas and air may be used at their natural 
bath of metal in the reverberatory furnace may 
temperature, or one or both imay be heated in 
also be protected by a covering of fluid slag 
pipes preferably made of malleable iron or 
or cinder, by adding a small quantity of the 
steel; or the gases may be heated under the 
before-named materials to the bath during the 
system known as Siemens regenerative fur 
fusion of the metal; or, in lieu of this, bottle. . . 
nace, in which case the regenerators and all 
glass (where it can be cheaply obtained) may 
passages or flues employed for the passage of 
be used. The degree of carburation of the molt 
the air and gases must be contained in a close 
en metal may also be to some extent regulated 
case or jacket of riveted iron or steel, or made 
by the angle of the tuyeres and their height 
of cast-iron and well bolted together and calked 
above the metal, as before described. 
and rendered air-tight. 
The several qualities or kinds of materials 
When employing liquid hydrocarbons for 
to be fused in my improved furnaces or appa 
the fusion of malleable iron or steel in furnace 
ratus and be there converted into fluid steel, 
in which the gaseous products of combustion 
or into fluid malleable iron, or into alloys of 
are retained under pressure, I prefer to use the 
iron, or mixtures of different kinds of iron and 
reverberatory form of furnace, which may be 
steel, may consist of puddled iron or puddled 
constructed in the manner represented at Figs. 
steel in a more or less granular or concrete 
3 and 4 on Sheet D of the drawings hereunto 
state, or aspuddled balls, if sufficiently purified 
annexed, and hereinafter described. In this 
from phosphorus; or the puddled metal, either 
case I employ also solid fuel-such as coke 
in the condition of iron or steel, may be shingled 
and I cause the fluid hydrocarbon to be takenin 
and made into blooms or puddled bars, and be 
by the blast and be distributed among the 
cut into small or convenient pieces; but for the 
pieces of incandescent coke, and thus produce 
manufacture of the better kinds of homogene 
a large amount of flame. 
ous malleable iron or cast-steel I however pre 
The mode of introducing the fluid fuel into 
fer to use finished iron or puddled steelbars, 
the blast-pipe is shown in vertical section at 
or bars of blistered or cemented steel, also cut 
Fig. 5, Sheet C, of the annexed drawings, where 
into convenient lengths, which, by preference, 
a is the main blast-pipe leading to the tuyeres. 
may be fused in crucibles in the improved fur. 
The vessel b is bolted by a flange, b, to this 
nace hereinafter described, although they may 
pipe, the lower part of the vessel terminating 
be fusedlin either of the different forms or modi 
in a cone-valve, c, the spindle d of which is 
fications of my improved cupola or reverbera 
carried upward through a suitable stuffing-box, 
tory furnaces. 
e, formed in the cover of the vessel. In the boss 
The materials to be fused may also consist 
of this cover, at f, a screw-thread isformed, and 
of iron or steel that has been obtained from pig 
the screw is also formed on the spindled, so 
or crude iron, and wholly or partially decar 
that the rotation of the spindle, by means of 
burized and purified by the action of nitrate 
the hand-wheeld, will raise or lower the valve 
of soda, or any analogous or other substances 
and regulate the velocity of flow of liquid fuel 
containing or capable of evolving oxygen on 
into the blast-pipe, along which the powerful 
coming in contact with molten pig or crude 
blast will carry it as a spray into and through 
iron, provided that the metal so obtained does 
the tuyeres. The vessel b is provided with a 
not contain so large a quantity of phosphorus, 
funnel and cock, h, for the supply of liquid 
sulphur, or other impurities as to render it un 
fuel, and also with an air-pipe, i, and cock i. 
. 
10 
00003 
fit when fused for making into a marketable 
homogeneous malleable iron or cast-steel. 
The materials which I enploy in my im 
proved furnaces or apparatus may also consist 
of any iron or steel in the form or condition of 
a metallic sponge or of any metallic iron ob 
tained by the deoxidation of iron ore by ce 
mentation or otherwise, whether such sponge. 
or metallic iron does or does not contain an ad 
mixture of earthy or other substances, or slags 
or substances which by fusion yield slags--such 
as the compounds of iron ore or oxides of iron 
and clay or other fusible matters, that are or 
may be made into bricks or lumps and ce 
mented or otherwise so treated as to convert 
such ores or oxides of iron into metallic ion 
provided that it be sufficiently free from car 
bon, sulphur, and phosphorus as to render it 
capable of producing, by fusion, a marketable 
quality of homogeneous malleable iron or cast 
steel. 
The materials which I employ say also con 
sist of any wrought-iron or steei scrap-such 
as the crop-ends of iron or steel rails; also old 
or worn-out iron or steel rails, ingot ends, la 
dle-skulls, and scrap Bessemer iron and steel, 
or other refuse steel and iron known generally 
as scrap,' provided that such scrap or refuse 
metal does not contain so much phosphorus or 
other impurities as to render it unfit for the 
production of a marketable cast-steel or homo 
geneous malleable iron. 
I Would further state that in employing any 
of the aforesaid materials an addition may be 
made thereto when desired of some good pig. 
or refined iron, or other carburet of iron- or al 
loy of iron and manganese, either for the pur. 
pose of forming a bath in which the other met 
als to be fused are received, or for otherwise 
assisting the 'fusion, or of adding cheaply to 
the quantity of metal, or for the purpose of 
carburizing or of deoxidizing it to the desired 
extenth For this last purpose, however, spie. 
geleisen or ferro-manganese is greatly to be 
preferred. I would also remark that the addi 
tion of spiegeleisen or ferro-manganese, when 
employed for the purpose of altering the de 
gree of carburation of the metal or for remov 
ing any oxgen therefrom, may be most advan 
tageously used after the molten metal has run 
ott of the furnace by putting it in a heated 
granular form, or as a fluid into the ladle. 
which receives the charge of molten metal 
from the furnace. 
I would further remark that the choice of 
the several kinds of metal before named for 
melting and obtaining cast-steel and homoge 
neous malleable iron will depend on their 
known quality or the local cost, and on the 
quality of the product desired to be obtained 
The manufacturer will, for these several rea 
sons, also employ them separately, or mixed in 
such proportions as he may think fit or as 
their nature and properties may render neces 
sary or desirable. 
I also desireitto be understood that furnaces 
constructed so as to have their temperature 
raised by the compression or condensation of the 
gaseous products of combustion within them, 
as herein described, may also be employed in 
fusing any of the more or less malleable kinds 
of iron and steel before enumerated and com 
bining there with pig-iron or other carburet of 
iron in such proportions as to form a sort of . 
steely cast-iron or mixed metal suitable for 
casting railway-crossings and wheels, bellsan 
vil-blocks, stamp-heads, guns, mortars, project 
iles, and other articles where a metal stronger 
and harder than ordinary cast-iron is required. 
My improved furnaces may also be advan 
tageously employed to melt any pig or other 
carburet of iron to be afterward converted into 
steel or malleable iron by the now well-known 
Bessemer process, and also in such cases where 
a carburetofiron difficult of fusin is employed, 
aud also in all cases where the melted iron is 
required to be of a very high temperature. 
I have hereinbefore described two modifica 
tions of the cupola-furnace, in both of which 
the metal to be fused and the fuel employed to 
fuse it are mixed and occupy one common cham 
ber. I however desire it to be understood that 
my invention also consists in melting steel or 
malleable iron of any of the kinds or qualities 
hereinbefore enumerated when contained in 
fire-clay, plumbago, or other crucibles, and also 
infusing the before-named metallic substances, 
or either of them, on the hearth of a reverbera 
tory furnace arranged for working with the pro 
ducts of combustion under pressure, as in the 
cupola-furnaces hereinbefore di escribed. 
In constructing furnaces in which crucibles 
are to be used prefer to make the fuel-chain 
ber cylindrical and to supply it with blast in a 
similar manner to that already described in ref. 
erence to the cupola-furnace. The upper part 
of the furnace is enlarged, and an annular seat 
or space is formed around the fuel-chamber, on 
which the crucibles are placed. The furnace is 
covered with a dome-shaped roof, and several 
small openings are left around the furnace for 
the escape offlame, suitable doors being formed 
in the dome or roof for the removal of the cruci 
bles, the regulation of the pressure of the gas 
eous products and the feeding of the fuel be 
ing arranged in a manner similar to that al 
ready described in reference to the cupola-far 
nace; or the dome or top of the furmace may be 
made to turn round, and all the crucibles may 
in that case belifted out through a single open 
ing, which is brought in succession over each 
crucible. 
I desire it to be understood that when cruci 
bles are employed in my improved furnace both 
cast-steeland homogeneous malleable iron, and 
also any alloys of iron and manganese that 
have been or may be made in trucibles con 
tained in ordinary furnaces, may in like man 
ner be made in my improved furnaces, whether 
such cast-steel or homogeneous malleable iron, 
or alloys of Iron with manganese or othermet 
als betheresult of simple fusion orbe produced 
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object. 
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by the chemical action or reaction of an y ma 
terials put into them for that purpose. 
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In order that the mode of constructing bi gl? 
: pressure crucible-furnaces employed for the 
fusion of malleableiron or steel or alloys of iron 
with other metals may be fully understood, I 
have represented two methods of effecting this 
11 
cibles rest I however prefer to make f large 
fire-brick lumps, as they form a more solid bed 
for the pots than ganister or other similar lin 
ling. At p. p are shown the orifices of two fire-clay 
tuyeres, of which several may be used, and 
which are fitted into the furnace and to the outer 
. sliell, and are also connected to the blast-pipe 
On Sheet D of the drawings hereunto an in the same nanner as the tuyeres shown inde 
tail as applied to the cupola-furnaces, herein 
nexed, where Fig. 1 is a vertical section of a 
before described. A similar arrangement is 
crucible - furnace with a revolving crown or 
also made for clearing out the slags and resi 
dome, the outer shell, a, of the furnaceis made 
due of fuel, as shown in the cupola-turnace, 
of stout iron or steel boiler-plate, securely riv 
Figs, 1 and 2,Sheet A, of the annexed drawings, 
eted and calked at all laps and joints. The 
small asli-lpits being formed in the floor for 
bottom is further strengthened by stout Tan 
gaining access to this cleaning-out hole and to . 
gle-irons riveted across it. The lower part of 
the tuyeres. The ash-pits are covered with an 
the furnace-casing is sunk into the ground, as 
iron plate or grating at the floor-level. . . 
shown by the position of the floor-line baround 
... An opening is inade in the dome at k, 
the upper part of the shella. The massive cast 
through which the crucibles g are put in and 
iron ring c is secured by bolts. Through the 
removed by means of tongs, as nsually prac. 
angle-irond a channel or air-passage, 6', is 
ticed in steel-melting furnaces. The metal to 
cored in the ring c, and its upper surface is 
be melted in them may also be supplied through 
truly faced in the lathe. A second cast-iron 
this opening, and the pot-lids put on after charg 
ring, e, is also employed, and firms a skew. 
ing, as usual in other crucible-furnaces. The 
back, in which the arch or dome f is built. 
crucibles are also placed on stands', as usual. 
The ring e is strengthened by shrinking on it 
The fuel may lye supplied, when necessary, 
a band of wrought-iron or steel, g, and also by 
through the opening k by means of a funnel, 
the webs e". The lower side of the ridge is 
8, (shown by dots,) which is temporarily intro. 
surfaced truly in the lathe, and has a small 
duced at the time of putting in the fuel, which 
channel, n, formed in it. When the ringe 
1 prefer to be of good hard coke. 
rests on the ring c the channel n forms a close 
A flange-ring of metal, t, is riveted to the 
annular passage. A great many small holes, 
crown-plates i. This ring is constructed in the 
m, are drilled into the chani nel c, so that when 
same Luanner (except in so far as it fits eccen 
air from the main blast-pipe is allowed to flow 
trically onto the doume) as the ring or hoop p, 
into the channel c* it will pass through the nu 
(shown at Figs. 1 and 3, Sheet A, of the an 
merous small holes an and occupy the channel 
nexed drawings.) The opening k is intended 
m, so that in case of any imperfection of the fit 
to be closed by a furnace-door suspended from 
ting together of the rings e and c the air under 
a train, r, moving laterally on a crane-post in 
pressure in the channel c will find an escape 
suitable bearings attached to a shell of the fur. 
between the rings, flowing chiefly outward, 
nace, in the manner hereinbefore shown and 
where there is only the external atmospheric 
described in reference to IFigs. 1 and 3, Sheet 
pressure to oppose it; but the air supplied 
A; similar arrangements for the admission of 
from the main blast pipe to the channel c' be 
air to the joint and the flow of cold water for 
ing under a somewhat greater pressure than 
keeping down the temperature of the ring t as 
the confined gases within the furnace, a small 
is also made in the ring p, Sheet A. . 
portion of the compressed air will pass inward 
In the center of the done I provide an open 
through such imperfect joint and effectually 
ing for the escape of the gaseous products of 
prevent the escape of any flame or heated gases, 
combustion, which opening is constructed as 
and thus prevent the injurious action that 
follows: A stout ring of iron, at, is riveted to 
might otherwise result from such escape. The 
the dome-plates, and to this ring is bolted the 
pipe which conveys air from the main blast. 
movable flange-ring . A piece of well-burned 
pipe into the channel c is not shown in the 
fire-clay, it', is fitted into'the conical interior" 
drawings; but it may convey it into any part 
of the ring y. The size of the opening in the 
of that channel. This pipe should be i pro 
piece of fire-brick at determines the quantity of 
vided with a sluice-valve, by means of which 
gases allowed to escape under any given press. 
the quantity and pressure of air flowing into 
| ure. By unbolting the ring e different-sized 
the channelc" may besocontrolled that scarcely 
| out let-pieces can be e imployed. A pipe, qe, pend 
any air is allowed to flow into the furnace. 
eit from the roof of the building, and passing 
The dome or crown of the furnace is formed 
through it at its upper end, will convey away 
externally of strong riveted plates i, secured: 
the flame and heated gases accompanied by a 
to the ring e by a wrought-iron angle-ring,j, 
large quantity of the surrounding air taken up 
and is lined with fire-brickf, or other refrac 
as an inducted current, thereby preventing the 
tory material, as hereinbefore described with 
overheating of the pipe a. 
reference to the cupola-furnaces. The lower 
In order to secure the dome of the furnace 
part is also lined in a similar manner, as shown 
att. That part of the furnacel" where the cru- in place during the period when the furnace is 
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12 
00003 
working under pressure, ten or twelve stout 
wrought-iron brackets, A, are bolted securely 
to the ring c, and have strong steel capstan 
headed screws B passing through the over 
hanging part of them. Before turning on...the 
blast to the furnace all these screws inust be 
brought to bear firmly on the upper side of 
the hoop, by which means the pressure within 
the furnace is unable to raise the dome from its 
seat. So soon, however, as the workman judges 
that the metal in his crucibles is in a state of 
complete fusion, he will shut off or moderate 
the blast for a short time, in order to cool down 
the pots, as usual, before 'teaming. He will 
then slacken all the screws B, raise the fur 
nace-door by means of the screw apparatus, 
and swing it round so as to afford easy access 
to the crucible immediately beneath the open 
ing, which he will lift out with his tongs, as 
usual. By then turning on a little blast to the 
channel c the pressure of it, acting on the 
lower surface of the ring e, will cause the dome 
to either entirely float off its seat, or by mod 
erating the pressure he can relieve it of so 
much only of the weight pressing on the ring 
c as to allow it to be moved round with great 
freedom. Six or more small guide -rollers, 
D, are mounted on studs which project down 
ward from the ring e, The rollers run in con 
tact with the inner face of the ring c, and thus 
insure the proper position of the dome, on the 
upper side of which several snugs or staples, 
E, are riveted, into which a staff, F, can be in 
serted, for the purpose of turning round the 
dome of the furnace, and thus giving access to 
each crucible in succession. The crucibles may 
again be replaced when emptied, after which 
the furnace may be supplied with fresh fuel, 
the crucibles charged with metal, and the screws 
B tightened down, and the furnace-door again 
brought over the opening and secured there. 
The operation of the furinace maythn be con 
tinued under such an amount of internal press 
ure as is found best adapted for the economical 
fusion of the particular quality of metal en 
- ployed. 
At Fig. 2, Sheet D, I have shown another 
modification of the high-pressure crucible-fur 
nace, the outershell, G, of which is constructed 
With riveted plates, and is lined throughout 
with fire-brick or other refractory material, H., 
the tuyeres and the mode by which they are 
secured and connected to the blast-pipe being 
the same as in the furnace last herein described. 
In lieu, however, of the movable dome for giv 
ing access to the several crucibles I, four or 
other convenient number of openings, J, are 
made in the done or crown of the furnace, 
through which the crucibles may be placed 
and removed when required. A pair of tongs 
with the joint formed on one side of the claws 
will allow the workman to place through the 
opening one crucible to the right hand of the 
opening and the next one to the left, and finally 
he can place one centrally between the other 
fwo and directly beneath the opening, so that || 
the four openings into the furnace will suffice 
for the placing of twelve crucibles, and also 
serve to introduce the fuel, when required. A 
lump of molded fire-clay, K, having a ring in 
serted in it, is placed in the opening J, and above 
it is placed a strofig iron plate, Iu, having its 
edge truly formed into a cone. A flanged ring, 
M, is riveted to the plates of the dome, and is 
made conical on its interior surface, to fit the 
plate L, around which a little luting may be 
put, as practiced in keeping the joints tight at 
the mouth of gas-retorts. Two strong staples, 
N, are riveted to the crown-plates. Through 
these staples the iron bar P is passed. A screw, 
O, passes through this bar, which is employed 
to bind the plate L, firmly on its seat. The 
openings Q Q, for the escape of the products 
of combustion, may be placed on the sides of 
the furinace opposite to a fue or chinney-open 
ing; or they may be fitted into the crown of 
the furnace, as hereinbefore described in refer. 
ence to the crucible-furnace with a revolving 
dome, and which latter form of crucibles I 
prefer for the purposes of my invention. 
In constructing furnaces in which the metal 
is to be fused on the hearth of the furnace, in 
the manner of reverberatory furnaces, the 
same general arrangement of fire-chamber and 
tuyeres may be used as that already described, 
the roof or arch of the furnace being a short 
distance only above the hearth, the escape of 
gaseous matters at the opposite end to the fire 
chamber and the regulation of the pressure of 
the combined gaseous products, and also the 
feeding in of the materials and fuel, being ar. 
anged in a similar manner to that hereinbe. 
fore described in reference to the cupola-fur 
The 1mode of constructing high-pressure re 
verberatory furnaces for the fusion of mal 
leable iron and steel, or other carburets of iron, 
is represented in Sheet D of the annexed draw 
ings, where Fig. 3 is a longitudinal vertical 
section on the line AB of Fig. 4, and Fig. 4 . 
is a vertical cross-section on the line CD of 
Fig. 3, showing the fire-chamber in elevation, 
the feeding-door and its appendages being 
omitted in this view. 
a is the outer shell of the furnace, formed of 
stout iron or steel, both plates well riveted to 
gether and calked air-tight at all laps and joints. 
The end plates, a *, are further supported by 
stout angle gasset-plates a. The fire-box end. 
of the shell a is in the form of a vertical cyl 
inder, and is strengthened at bottom by stout 
T-angles riveted across it at a. The upper 
part of the shell of the fire-box is strengthened 
by a hamassive loop of iron, b, into which nu 
merous screwed studs e are tapped, by means 
of which and the nuts fitted to them the dome 
or crown of the shell is held securely in its seat. 
This mode of fixing on the crown is adopted 
to facilitate the relining of the furnace from . 
tilpne to time. 
The body of the furnace is oval, in cross 
section. The oval part at a is riveted up to 
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10000 
? corresponding opening in the cylindrical fire. 
box, and terminates at the angle-flanged, to . 
which it is also riveted. The end piece, a, has 
a similar angle-flange, e, riveted to it. This 
part of the furnace is supported on a cast-iron 
standard, f, by which it is retained in position 
when the central part, a, is taken away on a 
truck for the purpose of being relined. There 
are also angle-fanges, g and l, riveted to the 
central part, a, all of which flanges, d, e.g., and 
l, are truly faced in the lathe, so as to be firmly 
bolted together and form a close air-tight 
junction of the differelit parts of the furnace, 
capable of resisting the great internal press 
ure of the gaseous matters confined within the 
furnace, and at the same time admitting the 
central part of the outer shell being removed, 
and thus affords facility for relining the fur 
nace when required, and which lining may be 
readily effected by inserting a properly-shaped 
wooden pattern into the part to be lined and 
ramming in the moistened ganister around it. 
The orifices of the tuyeres are shown at i. 
They are formed of fire-clay or plumbago, and 
are secured air-tight to the outer shell of the 
furnace, and connected to the tuyere-pipes in 
the same manner as laerein before described 
and shown with reference to the tuyeres and 
pipes employed in the cupola-furnace repre 
sented on Sheet A of the anexed drawings. 
An opening for running out slag from the 
fire-chamberjis shown atk. It may be stopped 
with loam, as usual in cupola furnaces, and be 
secured by a covering-plate, l, securely bolted. 
on to prevent the loan from being blown out. 
A slightly-conical aperture, m, leads from the 
fire-chamber to the crown of the furnace, where 
the door for feeding the fuel is situated. 
A flanged ring of metal, n, is riveted to the 
crown of the furnace, having a passages, for the 
circulation of water formed in it, and als) pipes 
'', to convey water to and away from it. 
This arrangement and the construction of the 
- large circular door q are precisely the same as 
hereinbefore shown in detail, as applied to the 
cupola-furnace represented in Sheet A of the 
annexed drawings; but instead of applying the 
screw and worn-wheel arrangement, for open 
ing the door and tightening it down as before 
described, I employ the pressure of the blast or 
the pressure of steam or water to act on a pis 
ton, and thus exert the force necessary, to keep 
the furnace closed. This method is shown in 
elevation as attached to the reverberatory fur-. 
nace on Sheet D, and is also shown at Fig. 6 
on Sheet C of the annexed drawings, partly in 
section, and in plan at Fig. 7 on the same sheet. 
The same letters of reference are used where 
: the parts are repeated in these figures. 
tis the crane-post, with a tubular passage, ti, 
formed in it. 
... 
it is the foot-step in which the crane- lost 
moves. The foot-step it is bolted to the shell of 
the furnace. A small pipe, , conveys air under 
pressure into it, and from which it is prevented 
from escaping by a stuffing-box and gland. 
Y 
, 
. 13 : 
The air ???, however, pass upward through 
the small passage t. 
The upperpart of the crane-postis supported 
in a bracket-piece, au, which is riveted, by a 
flange, c, to the shell of the furnace, and is 
formed into a shallow open cylinder, t. Two 
arms, a, forming part of the crane-post casting, 
also project upward and carry between then 
the beam y, which is supported on a pin joint, 
Z. At y'another pinjoint is formed, and by 
means of the links D the beam is attached to . 
the piston E, which is made air-tight by pack- . 
ing-rings, in the usual manner. The opposite 
end of the leam y is jointed to the upper side 
of ?urnace door by the joint-piece Gand pin I. 
In the lower part of the metal of the cylinder 
a small cock, J, is provided, having a very 
small way through it, to prevent the too-sud 
den passage of air or otlher fluid into the cylin 
tler. A small hole is drilled horizontally 
through the metal forming the lower part of 
the cylinder, and at right angles to the axis of 
the cock J, so that the cock may act two ways 
that is, it may discharge air from beneath the 
piston when turned into the position shown in 
Fig. 6 by the horizontal passage before referred 
to, and by reversing it the air passing up 
through the crane-post will be conveyed be 
neath the piston, and by means of the pressure 
so exerted the piston will rise and the beamor 
levery will force the furnace-door firmly onto 
its seat. By this arrangement the opening 
and closing of the furnace-door may be rapidly 
effected with the labor only of turning the small 
stop-cock J. 
The piston requires to travel only about one 
inch in order to lift the door sufficiently high to 
admitofits being moved on one side. The feed 
ing-cylinder will thus be brought over the open 
ing an and discharge its fuel into the furnace. 
The feeding - cylinder is, however, omitted in 
Figs. 3 and 4, Sheet ID, and in Figs. 6 and 7, 
Sheet C; but it is made and attached to the 
crane-arm in the manner shown in Figs. 1 and 
2, Sheet A. 
I would also remark that, although have 
shown the arrangement for closing the furnace 
door in thereverberatory furnace and the screw 
and worm-wheel arrangement as applied to the 
cupola-furnace, it will be obvious that either 
mode may be employed in both kinds of fur 
nace. 
The exit-passage for the gaseous products 
of combustion (shown at M) is molded in fire 
clay and well burned. A joint is formed be 
tween it and the ring N with rust-cement, 
with which the joint is calked. The ring Nis 
securely riveted to the end furnace-plate, and 
to it is bolted the flanged collar P, by means 
of which movable rings of fire brick Q, or 
other refractory material, are retained in their 
position, and from which they nay, When neo 
essary, be removedorexchanged for other rings 
having a different area of outlet. 
In addition to or in substitution of this mode 
of regulating the escape of the gaseous pro 
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x: 
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100,003 ~ 
ducts of combustion from high-pressure fur 
sion of malleable iron and steel, or other ear. 
naces, I sometimes employ a valve formed of 
burets of iron, I charge on the materials by 
well-burned'fire-brick or other refractory non 
the doors last described, allowing a smallpart 
metallic substance. Avalve so constructed is 
of them to occupy the hearth or bed of the 
shown at Fig. 8 on Sheet C, where a represents 
furnace, and the remainder I dispose on the 
the upper portion of any furnace to which it 
bank or higher part of the bed in such way 
may be applied, b is a beveled flanged ring 
as to intercept the flow of flame toward the 
riveted to the shell of the furnace. c is a hol 
outlet. 
low cone of fire-brick, the large end of which 
The malleable metal may be fused alone, or 
is capable of passing through the small part 
some good gray hematite or other pig-iron 
of the ring b, the space being afterward filled 
nearly free from sulphur and phosphorus maybe 
with rust - cement, d is part of an iron bar 
employed; or, in lieu thereof, some iron known 
fixed to any convenient part of the apparatus, 
as spiegeleisen may be put into the hearth 
and serving as a guide through which the rod 
of the furnace and form a bath to collect the 
e slides freely up and down. The lower end of 
otherfused materialsin; or, tle malleable part 
the rod is screwed into an iron box or frame, 
of the charge may, when thoroughly heated, 
f, beveled on the inside, for the purpose of re 
be pushed forward into the bath of molten car. 
ceiving the fire-clay valve g, which is held in 
buret of iron; but when steel, wrought-iron, 
the box by cement run in between it and the 
or malleable iron of any kind, or when iron 
beveled sides of the box. A weight, i, is placed 
sponge or iron bricks, are to be fused in such 
ou, the top of the rod to regulate the pressure, 
furnaces in the absence of any pig-iron, I use a 
and a nut and collar ath will prevent the fire 
higher pressure than when pig-iron is used in 
clay surfaces from at any time coming in con 
admixture with them, in which case the press 
tact and adhering together. Although this 
ure of the confined gases may range conven 
valve will not prevent the escape of some 
iently from thirty to fifty pounds pressure per 
heated gases, it will, nevertheless, prevent the 
square inch, and after tapping Such molten 
pressure from rising above the limit assigned. 
malleable metal from tle furnace into a cast 
The reverberatory furnace is provided with 
ing-ladle provided with a valve and stopper, 
a tap-hole, (shown by dots at M*.) This hole 
as generally employed in the Bessemer pro 
may be stopped with a fire-clay cone, as shown 
cess, I add molten or hot granulated spiegel 
at Figs. 1 and 2 on. Sheet A, as applied to the 
eisen or ferro-manganese thereto, in order to 
cupola-furnace. 
deprive the fluid metal of any oxsgen it may 
I prefer to employ two doors for charging in 
have taken up and to carburize it to the ex 
the metal to be melted. One may be placed 
tent desired. The tael I prefer to use in the 
on each side of the furnace, or they may be 
high-pressure revei ()eratory furnace is a good 
both on one side of it, as shown at n m, Fig. 
hard coke, and in order to produce a powerful 
3, Sheet D. Fig. 5 on this sheet also shows a 
flame I employ along with the coke a liquid 
horizontal section of one of these doors, and 
hydrocarbon. The creosote, petroleum, or other 
Fig. 6 a front elevation of the same. 
hydrocarbon may be supplied to the blast-pipe 
Astrongironframe, n, is riveted by its flange 
by means of the apparatus shown at Fig. 5 on 
to the shell of the furnace. The Outer face of 
Sheet C of the annexed drawings. It how 
this frame is faced and has a deep groove, , 
ever desireitto le understood that other fuel 
formed in it, into which air from the main blast. 
such as anthracite or ordinary coal and dried 
pipe may be supplied by a small pipe having 
wood or charcoal-may be employed, as found 
a stop-cock upon it. There are projecting lugs, 
desirable. 
p, formed on the ring n, which form a hinge. 
Having thus described my invention and the 
joint, and at the opposite side of the ring are 
manner in which the same has been and may 
similar lugs, q, through which the movable pin be carried into practical operation, I desire it 
O is placed. An arm or jointed lever, S, is to be understood that I do not limit my claims 
fitted at one end in between the lugs p, and to the precise details, and modes herein de 
thus forms a hiagejoint, on which the door may 
scribed of carrying the same into effect, pro 
be moved when the pin O is withdrawn. 
vided that the general and distinctive charac. 
The door consists of a circular iron box, t, 
ter, of the said invention and the several parts 
into which a fire-brick, m, is fitted. The box 
thereof be retained; and in order that the ex 
it has two stuids, t, projecting from it, which 
tent and limits of my said invention may be 
pass freely through the arm S, for the purpose 
more clearly ascertained, I desire to state that 
of supporting the door when it is thrown back 
since, the filing of the provisional specification 
on the hinge-joint. A powerful steel capstan 
of my present invention I have been made 
headed screw, v, passes through the lever S, 
aware that it has been proposed by others to 
by means of which the door is forced tightly 
force air into the ash-pits of steam-engine boil 
against the grooved face of the frame n, after 
ers and other furnaces in which the air so to 
which air is allowed to flow into the groove or 
be forced was, in its escape from the furnace, 
channel r under safficient pressure to prevent proposed to be passed through a vessel of wa 
the escape of the flame or heated gases of the ter and through a valve. It has also been pro 
posed to trap the chimneys of steam-boilers 
When employing such furnaces for the fu. and other furnaces, and thus prevent the free 
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. 
?????... 
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100,00s . 
15 
escape of the products of combustion, with the is provided with a close external metal fitting, 
for preventing the escape of the gaseous pro 
idea of thereby saving fuel. It has also been 
ducts of combustion confined under pressure 
proposed to cause the complete combustion of 
"within the furnace. 
gases in furnaces employed to melt pig-iron 
5. The mode of opening or shutting the feed 
for heavy castings by supplying air to the ash 
ing-door of furnaces for melting malleable iron. 
pit and in jets above the fuel by means of a 
and steel, or other similar carburets of iron 
blower or damper being used in the chimney 
difficult of fusion, and confining the gaseous 
to prevent the too free escape of the gases, and 
products therein by means of a compound screw 
causing the air to commingle more thoroughly 
apparatus, constructed and applied in the man 
with the combustible gases: but I am not 
aware that any proposal prior to the date of 
mer herein described. 
6. The arrangements for regulating or alter 
my present invention luas ever been made to 
ing the pressure of the gaseous products of 
so construct furnaces as to enable them to with 
combustioninfurnaces employed for the fusion 
stand any considerable internal pressure, nor 
of malleable or wrought iron and steel, or other 
that any proposal has been made to fuse mallea 
similar carburet of iron difficult of fusion, by. 
ble or wrought iron and steel in furnaces where 
means of movable escape-apertures of different 
the products of combustion are kept under 
areas of outlet, and also by diminishing or in. 
high pressure, and the temperature of the fur 
creasing the outlet by the insertion or renoval 
nace thereby raised to the melting-point of 
from the escape-aperture of pieces of fire-clay 
those refractory metals. I have stated that I 
or other refractory material, as herein, de 
am aware of the proposals made prior to the 
scribed. 
date of my patent and above referred to in 
7. Mounting on axes through which air and . 
order that it may be clearly understood that 
water may be passed the cupola-furnaces em 
lay no claim thereto; but . . 
ployed in the fusion of malleable or wrought 
What I do claim as new and of my own in 
iron and steel, and other similar carburets of 
vention is as follows: 
. 
iron difficult of fusion, when such fusion is ef. 
1. The melting or fusing of malleable or 
fected by the accumulated heatresulting from 
wrought iron and steel, or other similar car. 
the retention of the gaseous products of com 
burets of iron difficult of fusion, in a furnace 
bustion under high pressure within the said 
constructed so as to be capable of sustaining 
: a high internal pressure, by compressing the 
furnace. 
8. The arrangement for preventing the es 
gaseous products of combustion within the 
cape of flame and heated products of combus 
said furnace which contains the said iron or 
tion through the joints of feeding or other 
steel to such a high pressure as will raise the 
doors of furnaces employed under pressure, as 
temperature of the said furnace sufficiently 
described, for the fusion of malleable or wrought 
high to fuse or liquefy the malleable or wrought 
iron and steel, and similar carburets ofiron dif. 
iron or steel, or other similar carburet of iron 
ficult of fusion, by means of currents of air or 
difficult of fusion, which is contained therein. 
steam supplied to the joint at a greater press 
2. The melting or fusing of malleable or 
urethan that of the confined gaseous products 
wrought iron and steel, or other similar car 
within the furnace. 
burets of iron difficult of fusion, in furnaces 
9. Cooling the metal fitting or parts adjacent 
supplied with a blast or current of compressed 
to the feeding or other doors or openings of 
air, and in which furnaces the gaseous pro 
furnaces employed under the pressure of the 
ducts of combustion are, by reason of the small 
gaseous products of combustion, as herein de 
ness of the escape aperture or apertures, pre 
scribed, to fuse malleable or wrought iron and 
vented from escaping from the furnace until the 
steel, or other similar carburets of iron difficult. 
pressure of such gaseous products contained 
of fusion, by suitable channels formed in the 
in every part of the said furnace is substan 
parts to be cooled, through which a stream of 
tially in excess of one pound per square iuch 
water is passed. 
above the external atmospheric pressure. . 
10, Closing or securing the feeding or other 
3. Determining the pressue of, and the rate. 
doors of furnaces employed under pressure of 
of discharge of, the gaseous products of com 
the gaseous products of combustion for the full 
bustion from furnaces employed for the fusion 
sion of malleable or wrought iron and steel, or 
of malleable or wrought iron and steel, and 
other similar carburets of iron difficult of fu 
other similar carburets of iron difficult of fusion, 
sion, by means of air, steam, water, or other. 
when working with the gaseous products of 
fluid-pressure acting on a piston or plunger, 
combustion under high pressure, by employing 
in connection with such feeding or other doors. 
: : simple contracted escape-openings in lieu of 
11. The regulation of the pressure of gas 
valves or traps. 
eous matters contained in furnaces employed 
4. The construction and employment of cul 
in the fusion of malleable or wrought iron and 
pola-furnaces for fusing malleable or wrought 
steel, or other similar carburet of iron difficult 
iron and steel, or other similar carburets of 
of fusion, by means of a loaded valve faced 
iron difficult of fusion, such furnaces having a 
with fire brick or other analogous refractory 
domed or covered top with a door (for the ad 
mission of fuel and metal,) which door is faced 
material. 
12. The fusion of malleable or wrought iron 
with fic-brick or other refractory material, and 
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16 
100,003 
and steel, or other similar 3arburets of iron 
difficult of fusion, by the combustion of car. 
bonic-oxide, carbureted -hydrogen, or other 
combustible gases withf atmospheric air, such 
gas or gases and atmospheric air being forcel 
into andi ignited in furnaces the escape-aper 
ture of which is so small as to cause the pro 
ducts of combustion to accumulate to high 
pressure within the furnace, so as to effect the 
fusion of said iron or steel. 
13. The fusion of malleable or wrought iron 
and steel, or other carburets of iron difficult 
of fusion, by the combustion o? lquid lydro 
{arbons in high-pressure furnaces, the fusion 
being effected under the accumulated heat aris 
ing from the compression and retention of the 
gaseous products of combustion under press 
ure within the furthace in which the said iron 
or steel is fused. 
14. Coating the surfaces of pieces of mal 
leable or wrought iron and steel, or other simi 
lar carburets of iron difficult of fusion, with 
clay, lime, silica, or mixtures thereof, or other 
materials capable of fusing into a glassy or 
vitreous covering, and thus protecting their 
surfaces from oxidation or carburation, and the 
fusion of such coated pieces in cupola or other 
furnaces where tle gaseous products of coln 
bustion are retained under pressure, as herein 
described. 
15. The fusion, in crucibles, of maleable or 
wrought iron and steel, or other carburets of 
iron or alloys of iron, with other metals, and 
the fusion of materials which yield malleable 
iron or steel when melted, such crucibles being 
heated in chambers or furnaces in which the 
gaseous products of combustion are retained 
under high pressure, as herein described. 
16. The fusion of malleable or wrought iron 
and steel, or other similar carburets of iron 
difficult of fusio, in reverberatory furnaces in 
which the gaseous products of combustion are 
retained under high pressure, so that an accu 
mulated heat is thereby obtained capable of 
fusitag the said iron and steel. 
r 
17. In the construction of reverlberatory fur 
naces employed for the fusion of malleable or 
wrought iron and steel, or other similar car. 
burets of iron dlifticult of fusion, closely envel 
opitig the brick-work or other equivalent re 
l 
? 
v 
fractory lining of such furnaces with a casing 
or jacket of riveted iron or steel plates calked 
at the joints, or made of cast-iron bolted se 
curely together, such casing being sufficiently 
strong and tight at all points to withstand 
great internal pressure 
18. The fusion or remelting and heating of 
pig or crude iron in high-pressure furnace: it 
which the gaseous products of combustion are 
confined under high pressure, as described, al 
the conversion of such metal so melted and 
highly heated into malleable iron or steel by 
blowing air through suci metal according to 
the Bessener process, as is well understood. 
19. lining high-pressure furnaces employed 
for the fusion of malleable or wrought iroi and 
steel, or other carburets of iron, under the press 
ure of the gaseous products of combustion con 
tained therein, as described, by ramming or 
pressing plumbago moistened with water and 
fire-clay into the cavity or space to be lined. 
20. Tle construction of lhigh-pressure fur 
naces employed in the fusion of malleable or 
wrought iron and steel, or other carburets of 
iron, under pressure of the gaseous products of 
combustion, as herein described, with tuyeres 
or pipes made of fire-clay or of plumbago, for 
the conveyance of a blast of air into sueh fur 
1h;?C??. 
21. In the construction of reverberatory gas 
legenerative furnace, or other furnaces employ 
ing gaseous fuel, the closely enveloping of the 
fire-brick or other refractory lining of such fur 
naces with a shell of piage-iron or steel riveted, 
calked, and rendered tight at all laps and 
joints, or, when such shell is made of cast-iron, 
well bolted together and rendered tight at all 
joints, such iron, steel, or cast-iron shells being 
sufficiently strong and tight to withstand safely 
a great internal pressure. 
22. Tl3 genera? arrangementof the farnaces 
- 
and apparatus for the fusion or melting of iron 
and steel, substantially as herein described. 
IIENRY BESSEMER. 
??? 
?? 
Witnesses: 
IDAVID. CONG|DON, 
G. F. WARREN, 
Forest Hill, London, 
No. 17 Gracechurch Street, London. 

/Volumes/External/txt/0100000-0137030/US100004.txt	- 42%, 
4% Czzi,527z. 
/6/02/2Z. 
A&727A 224%2 
 
WTNESSEs 
fee/8474.2 
Sid NATURE 
Auz.46-74 
olnited states at ent ()ffice. 
JAMES M. BEUGLER, OF WILLIAMSPORT, PENNSYLVANIA. 
Letters Patent No. 100,004, dated February 22, 1870. 
-ms-ope-on 
IMPROVEMENT IN ANGING CRANK-SEAFTS. 
--O---- 
The Schedule referred to in these Letters Patent and making part of the same. 
-0-bh-e- 
To all whom it may concern: 
Be it known that I, JAMEs M. BEUGLER, of Wil 
liamsport, in the county of Lycoming, and State of 
Pennsylvania, have made a new and valuable In 
provenient to supercede the necessity of building strong 
and heavy foundations to secure Crank-Shafts in a 
fixed position, by allowing the crank end of the shaft 
to vibrate freely and accommodate itself to any throw 
or side movement caused by rapid motion, leavy la 
bor, &c.; and I do declare that the following is a full, 
clear, and exact description thereof, reference being 
had to the accompanying drawing forming part of this 
specification. 
To enable others skilled in the art to perform with 
my invention, I will proceed to describe its construc 
tion and operation. 
To use my invention for placing the crank-shaft in 
position for use, 
First, construct a frame, A, suitable for the pur 
poses intended to be accomplished by the power used. 
Second, hang to it the fiane B by bolts or ball-joints 
C; into the frame B place the boxes D; into the 
boxes D insert the crank-shaft E; on the end of the 
crank-shaft E place tie pulley F, the center of which 
tnust be on line with bolts or ball-joints C C; on the 
other end of the shaft place the crank-wheel and wrist 
pin, G. G, on which attach the pitman H. 
The dotted line I between C C represents the cen 
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ters of joint CC and pulley, F, on shaft E. The crank 
wle G must have sufficient counterbalance to equal 
the weight of the driven parts attached to the wrist 
pin G, which, when properly done will throw all vi 
brations laterally on box D, which when allowed to 
moye or vibrate laterally, as herein described, will do 
away with all other foundations for crank-shafts, ex 
cept to support the machine and work. 
Having described a swing frame with the box D 
firmly attached thereto, and the crank-shaft E placed 
therein to attain the object desired, I do not wish to 
be confined to that particular form of machinery, as 
the same may be attained by allowing the box D. on 
the crank end of the shaft to slide in a slot prepared 
for it, or other devices, to allow the shaft to vibrate 
laterally. 
What I claim, and desire to secure by Letters Pat 
ent, is 
The application to crank-shafts of a swinging or slid 
ing-box which will allow the crank-shaft to vibrate 
freely of its own accord, as herein described. 
Witness my hand and seal in the matter of my ap 
plication for Letter's Patent on improvemeut in lang 
ing crank-shafts. 
JAMES M. BEUGLER. L. s. 
Witnesses: 
GEO. R. WoSBURG, 
JOHN DUBOIS, 
 

/Volumes/External/txt/0100000-0137030/US100005.txt	finited states patent (office. 
MARCAR WAHRAM BEYLIKGY, OF NEW YORK, N. Y. 
Letters Patent No. 100,005, dated February 22, 1870. 
IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF waTER-Proof FABRICS FROM wasTE 
RUBBER. 
The Schedule referred to in these setters Patent and making part of the same 
To all avion, it may concern: 
Be it known that I, MARCAR WAHRAM BEYLIKGY, 
of the city, gounty, and State of New York, have in 
vented a new and useful improvement in the Manu 
facture of Water-Proof Fabrics from Refuse Rubber; 
and I do hereby, declare that the following is a full, 
clear, and exact description thereof, which will enable 
otile's skilled in the art to make and use the sane. 
The object of this invention is to utilize the shav 
ings and refuse of rubber goods in the production of a 
new and useful fabric. 
It is well known that ordinary vulcanized caoutchouc 
ceases to soluble by the same liquids which dissolved 
it before, but that such liquids will only cause the rub 
ber to swell and soften. When the liquid is evapo 
rated the rubber will become as hard as before, and re 
sume the original form. 
When the vulcalized rubber is for a number of days 
exposed to a temperature of about 2500 Fahrenheit, 
it undergoes some structural transformation, loosing 
its rigidity and tellacity, and becoming an adhesive 
mass isoluble in water and alcolhol, partially soluble 
in ether, but wholly soluble in heated tupentine oil, 
benzole, caloutchoucine, and other essential oils. 
This softened rubber which I shall call caoutchou 
cite, to distinguish it from the ordinary rubber, of whiclh 
it appears to be only all isolmeric modification, is suscep 
tible of vulcanization by any of the well-known pro 
cesses of sulphurizing. It only requires higher tem 
perature or more time than for the vulcanization of 
ordinary rubber. The product will be as little adhe 
sive and soluble, but less tough, as ordinary vulcall 
ized rubber. 
The cauutcloucite may be vulcanized like ca.out. 
chout: at ordinary temperature under the action of chlo 
ride of sulphur diluted with sixty and even a hundred 
times its weight of sulphide of carbon. This can, 
however, not be dune if the caoutchoucite is dissolved 
in turpentine oil unless reactive meditlin is in large 
excess. 
The caoutchoucite is left for a number of days in 
the oil of turpentine, the same being mixed with a . 
strong solution of potassa or soda. The rubber then 
coagulates into a jelly, which separates an elastic 
aid sutaewhat tenacious pellicle on boiling the mix 
ture. This fict shows that under some circumstances 
the caoutchoucite may be vulcanized with its original 
quantity of sulphur at a comparatively lower temper 
ature than is otherwise required. 
The said properties of the caoutclhoucite of being 
adhesive and soluble in many ordinary dissolvents, as 
well as the facility of vulcanizing in the ordinary man 
ner, and thus to obtain the properties of collinon vul 
canized rubber will make it a valuable article for many 
, 
purposes, but especially for the manufacture of water 
proof fabrics and as water-proof layers for fabrics. 
The refuse rulober can thus be utilized in soline inn 
portant manufactures, while at present they are en 
tirely lost in vast quantities. 
The following is a description of the method of vul 
canizing the cauutchoucite and of applying it to fabrics: 
The shavings or any kind of destroyed fabrics or re 
fuse of ordinary vulcanized rubber are first cut into 
small pieces, and put into a vessel with so much recti 
fied oil of turpentine that they are entirely submerged 
in the liquid. 
After the rubber has been covered with its lid, heat 
is applied by suitable means to produce a constant 
temperature of about 230Fahrenheit. While heated, 
the mixture is stirred by a rapid motion of an agitator 
of suitable construction, rotated by suitable means. 
The rubber decreases in bulk and finally dissolves in 
tle oil; more rubber is then added, and the digestion 
continued until the dissolution is accomplished, which 
will last no longer than ten or twelve hours. The ves 
sel is then connected with the condensing chamber of 
a still, in order to recover most of the oil of turpentine. 
This distillation cannot be carried on at the tempera 
ture corresponding to the boiling point of the oil of 
turpentine in the ordinary condition of atmospheric 
pressure, experience having shown that in that tem 
perature the two kinds of hydrocarbon which consti 
tute the rubber are. separated, the less soluble part 
being thrown to the bottom, the rubber having lost 
its quality, and the components being no more uni 
formly diffused throughout the whole mass. 
The distillation should therefore be performed at a 
temperature not exceeding 230Fahrenheit, in a cor 
responding vacuum. The process may be greatly sim 
plified by distilling with steam, which runs through 
the boiling vessel, evaporates the oil of turpentine, 
which separates spontaneously on condensing the va 
porous mixture. But the consumption of fuel will in 
this case be far more considerable for a given amount 
of rubber, than what is necessary for the motion of an 
air-pump. 
The residue of distillation is caoutchoucite varnish, 
more or less pure according to the quality of materials 
employed. 
ly the foregoing process, the transformation of vul 
canized caoutchouc into caoutchoucite is considerably 
facilitated, and may be still more accelerated by the 
addition of dissolvent agents in place of mere expos 
ure to the dry leat. This method has still another 
advantage of purifying the rubber and separating it 
from the foreign matters with which many fabrics are 
mixed. For this purpose the solution is strained and 
decanted before it is aliowed to concentrate. The sep 
co,005 
bon; the second with alcohol containing a shall quan 
tity of ammonia, and the last with water. The fabrics 
remain about ten minutes in each reservoir, and they 
are by the contents of the same vulcanized and washed. 
Finally they are dried by exposure to dry heat of about 
1159 Fallenleit. 
The object of the above combinationisin the first place 
the recovering of the sulphide of carbon in distilling 
the alcohol after it has been saturated. The alcohol 
will be also recovered by distilling the water, so that 
the fabrics may at once be dried. The rubber layer 
swelled by sulphide of carbon cannot be dried speedily, 
as the expansive power of that fluid would burst the 
layer and injure the fabrics. 
For want of sulphide of carbon, chloroform or crude 
benzole may be used, and methylic alcoliol may be 
used for ethylic. 
Having thus described my invention, 
I claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters 
Patent 
1. The herein-described method of utilizing refuse 
rubber by applying it to the manufacture of water 
proof fabrics, as set forth. 
2. The regained rubber refuse called caoutcluoncite, 
obtained substantially in the nanner herein shown 
and described. 
3. The herein-described method of recovering the 
solvent of chloride of sulphur after the same has been 
used for vulcanizing rubber, as set forth. 
The above specification of my invention signed by 
me this 29th day of IDecember, 1869. 
MARCAR WAHRAM BEYLIKGY. 
s 
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Witnesses: 
GEO. W. MABEE, 
ALEX. F. ROBERTS. 
aration of coloring matters is unnecessary for black 
colored varnishes, so that destroyed rubber shoes may 
be regarded as the most economical black-coloring ma 
terial. 
The caoutchoucite may as aforementioned be vul 
canized either by hot or cold way. To apply, the first 
process, the best way is to effect the complete separa 
tion of two components of caoutchoucite, in order to 
perform the vulcanization at lower temperature and in 
slhorter time. For this purpose, as soon as the dissolu 
tion of rubber in the oil of turpentine is completed 
and the stirrer arrested and the boiler connected with 
still, the temperature is raised to the boiling-point of 
turpentine oil, and the varnish kept in full ebullition 
for about half an hour and left to cool. After the in 
soluble part is precipitated, which is completed in two 
or three days, the clear solution is drawn off and sub 
mitted to concentration in the manner above described. 
The solution is, however, previously mixed with three 
pounds of sulphur for every hundred weight of rubber 
employed. When the varnish has acquired the necessary 
thickness it is removed from the boiler. 
After the fabrics have been overlaid with this war 
nish, they are submitted to heat, which is gradually 
increased from 212 to 390 Fahrenheit during about 
one hour. Only that side of the cloth fabric which 
is covered with the rubber layer should be exposed to 
the leat. 
For the vulcanization in ordinary temperature, the 
caoutchoucite is reduced to a thick varnish, no sepa 
ration of its ingredients nor addition of sulphur being 
required. After the fabrics are overlaid with and dried, 
they are immersed successively in three reservoirs, 
which are connected with each other; the first being 
filled with a mixture of one part of chloride of sulphur 
with eighty or one hundred parts of sulphide of car 
 

/Volumes/External/txt/0100000-0137030/US100006.txt	t lnited states latent ()ffice. 
HENRY L. BOWERS, OF HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA. 
Letters Patent No. 100,006, dated February 22, 1870. 
-es-80 pXIm 
IMPROVEMENT IN CELLAR-BIOIST OR ELEVATOR. 
--KOs 
"he Schedule referred to in these tetters Patent and making part of the same. 
--(0. b)--- 
. 
. 
To all vihom it may concern: 
Be it known that I, HENRY L. BowERs, of the 
city of Harrisburg, in the county of Dauphin, and 
State of Pennsylvania, have invented a new and use 
ful improvement, consisting of a "Cellar-Hoistor El 
evator and "Cellar Stairs or Steps'combined. 
The construction of the same, and manner of com 
bination and arrangement, I will proceed to describe. 
The drawing represents a perspective view of the 
device in position for operation. 
The essential feature of novelty in-this invention 
consists in providing a compact, convenient, and pow 
elful hoisting macline, that will always be ready for 
use, and coubining the sane with cellar stairs or 
steps, substantially as follows: 
The uprights or side supports B B of the stairs 
are made of timber sufficiently strong for the purpose. 
They are given a proper degree of inclination from a 
vertical position, and rest upon a proper foundation, 
their pper ends being securely fastened to the sill D. 
The Said pieces B B have their front edges grooved 
or chanieled out, as seen at u u in the drawing. 
These grooves are intended to act as a guide-way for 
tle lloisting table A. 
Said table is made substantially as shown in the 
drawing. 
That portion of the frame-work of the table A that 
bears against the pieces B B has tongues formed upon 
it to enter into and slide easily in the grooves in said 
pieces when in position, thus retaining and guiding 
tlie table when it is loisted or lowered. 
Upon each side of the frame of table A, at a point, 
s, ropes or chains b b are rigidly securell by their 
ends. Said ropes or chains are carried up over the 
groeved wheels n. n. These wheels are secured to the 
outside surfaces of the pieces B B, and near their up 
per ends, in such a manuer as to permit them to turn 
reely upon the studs or bolts that. secure them in 
place. 
The ropes or chains b b are made fast to the barrel 
shaft c of the winch or crane-gear. Said winch or 
huisting gear is constructed substantially as is shown 
in the drawing, and consists of a barrel shaft, c, and 
driving shaft d, that are supported by suitable hang 
(IS. 
Upon one end of the shaft c a large gear-wheel, o, is 
secured. A small pinin, r, that is fastened to the 
driving shaft d, meshes into the wheel o, as is shown. 
Upon the opposite end of the shaft d a crank, e, is 
secured. 
A ratchet-wheel, i, in which the click or pawl p 
catches, is also fastened in place upon the shaft d, im 
mediately in the rear of the crank e. 
i 
. 
- The supporting hangers are connected so that the 
entire winch is in a compact and portable form. It . 
is bolted or otherwise properly secured to the joists or 
other suitable timbers in-the cellar, overhead, so that 
the handle of the crank e is accessible from the floor. 
The position given the said winch should be directly 
opposite to or in a straight line in the rear of the 
cellar stairs, so that.-the ropes b b will train in a cor 
reet mannel. 
The stepsia a a, &c., should be set back a short 
distance from the front edge of the uprights B B, so 
as to permit the table A to pass their front edges 
readily. 
The uprights B B' should have their lower ends let 
into the bottom of the cellar up to the dotted line E 
F. The lower portion or frame-work of the table A 
should also b sunk a similar depth, a proper excava 
tion being made to permit the same. This should be 
walled or planked upon its sides, so as to prevent dirt 
from falling in and obstructing the table. 
This plan of construction will bring the top of the: 
table A on a line with the bottom of the cellar. In 
fact, if it is floored, the table will form a portion of the 
floor. 
In using this device, weighty articles can be placed 
upon the table with great ease, either for elevating 
tlem from the cellar floor to the street, or for lower 
, ing them from the street into the cellar. 
By the operation of the winch C, the hoisting and 
lowering is rendered easy and secure, as the ratchet 
wheel acts as a guard to prevent slipping, and enables 
the operator to arrest the ascent ordescent of the ar 
ticle at any point desired. 
The frame-work of the hoisting table A may be 
provided with small wheels or rollers, with flanges, to 
run upon the front faces of the uprights B B. The 
grooves in the faces of the uprights can then be dis 
pensed with, as well as the tongues upon the frame. 
I do not desire to claim broadly the general appli 
cation of a winch to an elevator, as I am aware that 
it has been so applied; but 
What I do clain as new, of my invention, and de 
sire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States, 
1S 
The peculiar combination and arrangement of the 
elevating table A, stair upriglits B B, and winch C, 
the whole constructed and operating substantially as 
herein set forth. 
.. 
HENRY L. BOWERS. (L. s.) 
Witnesses: 
WM. P. PATToN, 
HERVEY. E. SMITH. 
I 

