# Reader's Guide

**Pronunciation mode:** attic_5c_bce

## Sentence 1
<<<<<<< HEAD

> ὅτι μὲν ὑμεῖς , ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι , πεπόνθατε ὑπὸ τῶν ἐμῶν κατηγόρων , οὐκ οἶδα :

> Translation (en-US): That you, O men of Athens, have suffered at the hands of my accusers, I do not know.

> Notes: The vocative formula ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι is rendered as "O men of Athens." The negation chain οὐκ οἶδα is treated idiomatically as "I do not know." The perfect πεπόνθατε is taken as a present-state perfect: "have suffered."

### Word-by-word

#### ὅτι

*subordinating conjunction* · **that (introducing clause)**

- **Lemma:** ὅτι
- **Gloss:** that (introducing clause)
=======
> ὅτι μὲν , ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι , πεπόνθατε ὑπὸ τῶν ἐμῶν κατηγόρων , οὐκ οἶδα :
> Translation (en-US): That you, O men of Athens, have suffered at the hands of my accusers, I do not know.
> Notes: πεπόνθατε is a perfect with present-state force — 'have suffered' / 'have been wronged.' ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι is a vocative formula 'O men of Athens.' οὐκ οἶδα is rendered idiomatically as 'I do not know' (not 'I don't understand').

### Word-by-word

### ὅτι
*subordinating conjunction* · **that (complementizer)**
- **Lemma:** ὅτι
- **Gloss:** that (complementizer)
>>>>>>> add-tree-print
- **Dependency Role:** marker (`mark`)
- **Governor:** token 8
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ˈho.ti`
- **Syllables:** ὅ · τι
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
<<<<<<< HEAD
- initial rough breathing (h-) realized historically but often omitted in later orthography
- short vowel /o/ in first syllable, final /i/ short
</details>

#### μὲν

*particle* · **on the one hand (particle)**

- **Lemma:** μέν
- **Gloss:** on the one hand (particle)
- **Dependency Role:** discourse element (`discourse`)
- **Governor:** token 9
=======
- initial rough breathing → [h]
- vowel qualities normalized to Classical Attic
- accent assigned to first syllable (per dictionary entry)
</details>

### μὲν
*particle* · **on the one hand (contrastive particle)**
- **Lemma:** μέν
- **Gloss:** on the one hand (contrastive particle)
- **Dependency Role:** adverbial modifier (`advmod`)
- **Governor:** token 8
>>>>>>> add-tree-print
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `mèn`
- **Syllables:** μὲν
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
<<<<<<< HEAD
- short /e/ with grave/acute depending on context
- single syllable particle often pairs with δέ in contrastive constructions
</details>

#### ὑμεῖς

*pronoun* · **you (plural)**

- **Lemma:** σύ
- **Gloss:** you (plural)
- **Dependency Role:** nominal subject (`nsubj`)
- **Governor:** token 9
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `hy.meːs`
- **Syllables:** ὑ · μεῖς
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- initial rough breathing (h-) on ὑ-
- ει pronounced as long /eː/ in classical Attic
- circumflex indicates vowel lengthening on penult
</details>

#### ,

*punctuation* · **comma**

=======
- e breve pronounced [e] with shortening
- no aspiration
- particle prosody: often unstressed within clause
</details>

### ,
*punctuation* · **comma**
>>>>>>> add-tree-print
- **Lemma:** ,
- **Gloss:** comma
- **Dependency Role:** punctuation (`punct`)
- **Governor:** token 15
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `,`
- **Syllables:** ,
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- punctuation - no phonological rendering
</details>

<<<<<<< HEAD
#### ὦ

*interjection* · **O (vocative particle)**

- **Lemma:** ὦ
- **Gloss:** O (vocative particle)
- **Dependency Role:** vocative (`vocative`)
- **Governor:** token 6
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ɔː`
- **Syllables:** ὦ
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- long vowel /ɔː/ indicated by omega-like quality in exclamation
- vocative particle, often followed by nouns in vocative
=======
### ὦ
*interjection* · **O! (vocative marker)**
- **Lemma:** ὦ
- **Gloss:** O! (vocative marker)
- **Dependency Role:** discourse element (`discourse`)
- **Governor:** token 5
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ɔ̂ː`
- **Syllables:** ὦ
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- circumflex indicates long vowel [ɔː] with falling pitch
- vocative particle often carries prosodic prominence
>>>>>>> add-tree-print
</details>

#### ἄνδρες

*noun* · **men (vocative plural of ἀνήρ)**

- **Lemma:** ἀνήρ
- **Gloss:** men (vocative plural of ἀνήρ)
- **Dependency Role:** vocative (`vocative`)
- **Governor:** token 8
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ˈan.dres`
- **Syllables:** ἄν · δρες
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
<<<<<<< HEAD
- initial short /a/ with acute accent on first syllable
- consonant cluster /nd/ realized straightforwardly in Attic
</details>

#### Ἀθηναῖοι

*adjective* · **Athenians (vocative plural)**

- **Lemma:** Ἀθηναῖος
- **Gloss:** Athenians (vocative plural)
- **Dependency Role:** adjectival modifier (`amod`)
- **Governor:** token 6
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `a.thɛː.ná.i.oi`
- **Syllables:** Ἀ · θη · ναῖ · οι
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- aspiration on θ realized /th/
- diphthong αι pronounced /ai/ (here often lengthened as /aːi/ in classical Attic)
- final -οι pronounced as a diphthongal ending /oi/
</details>

#### ,

*punctuation* · **comma**

=======
- aspiration absent
- accent on the penult due to short final syllable
- consonant cluster realized [dr]
</details>

### Ἀθηναῖοι
*proper noun* · **Athenians (vocative)**
- **Lemma:** Ἀθηναῖος
- **Gloss:** Athenians (vocative)
- **Dependency Role:** appositional modifier (`appos`)
- **Governor:** token 5
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `a.thɛːˈnaɪ.oi`
- **Syllables:** Ἀ · θη · ναῖ · οι
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- aspiration on θ → [th]
- diphthong αι realized [ai̯]
- circumflex on αι indicates long/diphthongal nucleus
- vocative plural prosody
</details>

### ,
*punctuation* · **comma**
>>>>>>> add-tree-print
- **Lemma:** ,
- **Gloss:** comma
- **Dependency Role:** punctuation (`punct`)
- **Governor:** token 15
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `,`
- **Syllables:** ,
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- punctuation - no phonological rendering
</details>

<<<<<<< HEAD
#### πεπόνθατε

*verb* · **you have suffered (perf.)**

- **Lemma:** πάσχω
- **Gloss:** you have suffered (perf.)
- **Dependency Role:** clausal complement (`ccomp`)
- **Governor:** token 16
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `peˈpón.tha.te`
- **Syllables:** πε · πόν · θα · τε
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- perfect stem πεπ- with reduplication
- aspiration on θ as /th/
- stress on the second syllable due to perfect form
</details>

#### ὑπὸ

*adposition* · **by (agent, with gen.)**

=======
### πεπόνθατε
*verb* · **you (pl.) have suffered / endured (perfect)**
- **Lemma:** πάσχω
- **Gloss:** you (pl.) have suffered / endured (perfect)
- **Dependency Role:** clausal complement (`ccomp`)
- **Governor:** token 15
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `peˈpon.tha.te`
- **Syllables:** πε · πόν · θα · τε
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- aspiration on θ → [th]
- prefix reduplication realized pe-
- accent retained on reduplicated vowel per perfect morphology
</details>

### ὑπὸ
*adposition* · **by (agent with genitive)**
>>>>>>> add-tree-print
- **Lemma:** ὑπό
- **Gloss:** by (agent with genitive)
- **Dependency Role:** case marking (`case`)
<<<<<<< HEAD
- **Governor:** token 13
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `hy.pò`
- **Syllables:** ὑ · πὸ
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- initial ὑ- with rough breathing /h/
- short /o/ in second syllable; case-marked preposition governing genitive
=======
- **Governor:** token 12
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `hy.pò`
- **Syllables:** ὑπ · ὸ
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- initial rough breathing on ὑ → [hy]
- short final vowel; genitive form often shows accent shift in syntax
>>>>>>> add-tree-print
</details>

#### τῶν

*determiner* · **the (gen. pl.)**

- **Lemma:** ὁ
- **Gloss:** the (gen. pl.)
- **Dependency Role:** determiner (`det`)
<<<<<<< HEAD
- **Governor:** token 13
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `tɔːn`
- **Syllables:** τῶ · ν
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- omega long /ɔː/ indicated by circumflex
- genitive plural article used to mark possession/agent in genitive
=======
- **Governor:** token 12
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `tɔ̂ːn`
- **Syllables:** τῶν
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- omega long → [ɔː]
- circumflex indicates length/pitch
- genitive plural ending -ῶν realized
>>>>>>> add-tree-print
</details>

#### ἐμῶν

*pronoun* · **of my (pl. masc.)**

- **Lemma:** ἐμός
- **Gloss:** of my (pl. masc.)
- **Dependency Role:** nominal modifier (`nmod`)
<<<<<<< HEAD
- **Governor:** token 13
=======
- **Governor:** token 12
>>>>>>> add-tree-print
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `eˈmɔːn`
- **Syllables:** ἐ · μῶν
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
<<<<<<< HEAD
- initial short /e/ then long /ɔː/ indicated by circumflex on ω
- genitive plural possessive pronoun agreeing with implied noun
=======
- eta/omega length reflected as long vowel
- possessive pronoun with genitive plural ending -ῶν
- accent per Classical paradigms
>>>>>>> add-tree-print
</details>

#### κατηγόρων

*noun* · **accusers (gen. pl.)**

- **Lemma:** κατήγορος
- **Gloss:** accusers (gen. pl.)
- **Dependency Role:** oblique nominal (`obl`)
<<<<<<< HEAD
- **Governor:** token 9
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ka.tɛːˈɡroːn`
- **Syllables:** κα · τη · γό · ρων
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- compound stemming from κατά + ἄγω historically; vowel lengths vary
- genitive plural ending -ων pronounced /oːn/
</details>

#### ,

*punctuation* · **comma**

=======
- **Governor:** token 8
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ka.tɛːˈɡɔ.rɔːn`
- **Syllables:** κα · τή · γο · ρων
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- eta length preserved → [ɛː]
- omega in ending realized long in Classical genitive plural
- compound structure κατ-ήγορος reflected in syllabification
</details>

### ,
*punctuation* · **comma**
>>>>>>> add-tree-print
- **Lemma:** ,
- **Gloss:** comma
- **Dependency Role:** punctuation (`punct`)
- **Governor:** token 15
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `,`
- **Syllables:** ,
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- punctuation - no phonological rendering
</details>

#### οὐκ

*particle* · **not (negation)**

- **Lemma:** οὐ
<<<<<<< HEAD
- **Gloss:** not (negation)
- **Governor:** token 16
=======
- **Gloss:** not
- **Governor:** token 15
>>>>>>> add-tree-print
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ouk`
- **Syllables:** οὐκ
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
<<<<<<< HEAD
- diphthong ου pronounced /ou/
- final consonant -κ pronounced /k/ (often assimilated before vowels)
</details>

#### οἶδα

*verb* · **I know (perfect with present meaning)**

- **Lemma:** οἶδα
- **Gloss:** I know (perfect with present meaning)
=======
- diphthong ου → [ou]
- final κ preserved → [k]
- negative particle usually precedes verb
</details>

### οἶδα
*verb* · **I know / I have learned**
- **Lemma:** οἶδα
- **Gloss:** I know / I have learned
>>>>>>> add-tree-print
- **Dependency Role:** root (`root`)
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ˈoi.da`
- **Syllables:** οἶ · δα
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
<<<<<<< HEAD
- diphthong οἶ realized /oi/ with rising-falling quality (circumflex)
- perfect form with present meaning; stress on first syllable
</details>

#### :

*punctuation* · **colon**

- **Lemma:** :
- **Gloss:** colon
=======
- diphthong οἶ → [oi̯] with circumflex indicating rising-falling pitch
- accent on first syllable per perfect root form
- verb retains perfect-form meaning with present force
</details>

### :
*punctuation* · **colon (sentence break / introduction)**
- **Lemma:** :
- **Gloss:** colon (sentence break / introduction)
>>>>>>> add-tree-print
- **Dependency Role:** punctuation (`punct`)
- **Governor:** token 15
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `:`
<<<<<<< HEAD
- **Syllables:** :
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- punctuation mark; indicates speech or explanation follows
=======
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- punctuation - no phonological rendering
>>>>>>> add-tree-print
</details>

### Dependency tree

```text
<<<<<<< HEAD
`-- 16 οἶδα [VERB] <root>
    |-- 9 πεπόνθατε [VERB] <ccomp>
    |   |-- 1 ὅτι [SCONJ] <mark>
    |   |-- 2 μὲν [PART] <discourse>
    |   |-- 3 ὑμεῖς [PRON] <nsubj>
    |   |-- 4 , [PUNCT] <punct>
    |   |-- 6 ἄνδρες [NOUN] <vocative>
    |   |   |-- 5 ὦ [INTJ] <vocative>
    |   |   `-- 7 Ἀθηναῖοι [ADJ] <amod>
    |   |-- 8 , [PUNCT] <punct>
    |   |-- 13 κατηγόρων [NOUN] <obl:agent>
    |   |   |-- 10 ὑπὸ [ADP] <case>
    |   |   |-- 11 τῶν [DET] <det>
    |   |   `-- 12 ἐμῶν [PRON] <nmod:poss>
    |   `-- 14 , [PUNCT] <punct>
    |-- 15 οὐκ [PART]
    `-- 17 : [PUNCT] <punct>
=======
`-- 15 οἶδα [VERB] <root>
    |-- 3 , [PUNCT] <punct>
    |-- 7 , [PUNCT] <punct>
    |-- 8 πεπόνθατε [VERB] <ccomp>
    |   |-- 1 ὅτι [SCONJ] <mark>
    |   |-- 2 μὲν [PART] <advmod>
    |   |-- 5 ἄνδρες [NOUN] <vocative>
    |   |   |-- 4 ὦ [INTJ] <discourse>
    |   |   `-- 6 Ἀθηναῖοι [PROPN] <appos>
    |   `-- 12 κατηγόρων [NOUN] <obl:agent>
    |       |-- 9 ὑπὸ [ADP] <case>
    |       |-- 10 τῶν [DET] <det>
    |       `-- 11 ἐμῶν [PRON] <nmod:poss>
    |-- 13 , [PUNCT] <punct>
    |-- 14 οὐκ [PART]
    `-- 16 : [PUNCT] <punct>
```

## Sentence 2
> ἐγὼ δ ̓ οὖν καὶ αὐτὸς ὑπ ̓ αὐτῶν ὀλίγου ἐμαυτοῦ ἐπελαθόμην , οὕτω πιθανῶς ἔλεγον .
> Translation (en-US): And so I myself almost forgot because of them; I was speaking so convincingly.
> Notes: αὐτὸς is emphatic with ἐγώ ('I myself'). ὀλίγου ... ἐπελαθόμην is rendered as the idiom 'almost forgot.' ὑπ ̓ αὐτῶν is taken as 'because of them/by them,' and οὕτω πιθανῶς ἔλεγον as 'I was speaking so convincingly.'

### Word-by-word

### ἐγὼ
*pronoun* · **I (nom.)**
- **Lemma:** ἐγώ
- **Gloss:** I (nom.)
- **Dependency Role:** nominal subject (`nsubj`)
- **Governor:** token 14
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `e.gɔ̂ː`
- **Syllables:** ἐ · γὼ
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- ε → e (short)
- γω: g + ὼ (long ω) → gɔ̂ː
- word-final acute accent preserved
</details>

### δ ̓
*particle* · **but/and (postpositive particle)**
- **Lemma:** δέ
- **Gloss:** but/and (postpositive particle)
- **Dependency Role:** discourse element (`discourse`)
- **Governor:** token 1
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `de`
- **Syllables:** δὲ
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- δε spelled δε; enclitic/postpositive position affects prosody
- apocopated orthography shows elision mark δ ̓ in manuscript
</details>

### οὖν
*particle* · **therefore/then**
- **Lemma:** οὖν
- **Gloss:** therefore/then
- **Dependency Role:** discourse element (`discourse`)
- **Governor:** token 14
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `un`
- **Syllables:** οὖν
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- οι/οὖ: vowel with circumflex indicating contraction/length (rendered /u/)
- final ν pronounced /n/
</details>

### καὶ
*coordinating conjunction* · **and/even**
- **Lemma:** καί
- **Gloss:** and/even
- **Dependency Role:** coordinating conjunction (`cc`)
- **Governor:** token 5
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `kai`
- **Syllables:** καὶ
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- αι diphthong pronounced /ai/
- final acute accent on the syllable
</details>

### αὐτὸς
*pronoun* · **he/ himself (emphatic)**
- **Lemma:** αὐτός
- **Gloss:** he/ himself (emphatic)
- **Dependency Role:** conjunct (`conj`)
- **Governor:** token 1
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `autós`
- **Syllables:** αὐ-τός
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- αὐ diphthong realized /au/
- τ remains /t/
- ος ending /os/ with acute on final in orthography
</details>

### ὑπ ̓
*adposition* · **by/from under (with gen.)**
- **Lemma:** ὑπό
- **Gloss:** by/from under (with gen.)
- **Dependency Role:** case marking (`case`)
- **Governor:** token 7
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `hypó`
- **Syllables:** ὑπό
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- υ pronounced /y/ (front rounded)
- πο: /po/
- elision mark ὑπʼ indicates elision before a vowel-initial following word
</details>

### αὐτῶν
*pronoun* · **of them/their**
- **Lemma:** αὐτός
- **Gloss:** of them/their
- **Dependency Role:** oblique nominal (`obl`)
- **Governor:** token 10
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `autɔ̂ːn`
- **Syllables:** αὐ-τῶν
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- αὐ /au/
- τῶν: omega with circumflex → long /ɔ̂ːn/
- genitive plural ending retained
</details>

### ὀλίγου
*adjective* · **of little/ almost**
- **Lemma:** ὀλίγος
- **Gloss:** of little/ almost
- **Dependency Role:** nominal modifier (`nmod`)
- **Governor:** token 7
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `olíɡu`
- **Syllables:** ὀ-λί-γου
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- ὀ short /o/
- λί /li/
- γου /gu/ with genitive ending -ου
- adjectival genitive can function adverbially (ὀλίγου = 'almost')
</details>

### ἐμαυτοῦ
*pronoun* · **of myself**
- **Lemma:** ἐμαυτός
- **Gloss:** of myself
- **Dependency Role:** oblique nominal (`obl`)
- **Governor:** token 10
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `emautɔ̂ː`
- **Syllables:** ἐ-μαυ-τοῦ
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- ἐ /e/
- μαυ /mau/ (sequence /ma.u/ historically but pronounced as diphthong cluster)
- τοῦ: long ου /uː/ with circumflex
</details>

### ἐπελαθόμην
*verb* · **I forgot**
- **Lemma:** ἐπιλανθάνομαι
- **Gloss:** I forgot
- **Dependency Role:** parataxis (`parataxis`)
- **Governor:** token 14
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `epelanthómɛːn`
- **Syllables:** ἐ-πε-λα-θό-μην
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- augment ἐ- prefix indicates past
- πιλανθαν- → pelanthan- (assimilation of π to /p/)
- όμην ending realized /ómɛːn/ (middle voice past ending)
- contraction/voicing rules applied to produce surface form
</details>

### ,
*punctuation* · **,**
- **Lemma:** ,
- **Gloss:** ,
- **Dependency Role:** punctuation (`punct`)
- **Governor:** token 14
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `,`
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- punctuation mark — no phonological content
</details>

### οὕτω
*adverb* · **thus/so**
- **Lemma:** οὕτω
- **Gloss:** thus/so
- **Dependency Role:** adverbial modifier (`advmod`)
- **Governor:** token 14
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `hoútɔ`
- **Syllables:** οὕ-τω
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- οὕ realized with rising accent /huː/ or /hou/ depending on analysis
- τω /tɔ/ gives overall /houtɔ/ or /huːtɔ/
</details>

### πιθανῶς
*adverb* · **probably/credibly**
- **Lemma:** πιθανῶς
- **Gloss:** probably/credibly
- **Dependency Role:** adverbial modifier (`advmod`)
- **Governor:** token 14
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `pithanɔ̂s`
- **Syllables:** πι-θα-νῶς
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- πι /pi/
- θα /tha/
- νῶς: omega-lengthened with circumflex → /nɔ̂s/
</details>

### ἔλεγον
*verb* · **I was saying/said (imperfect)**
- **Lemma:** λέγω
- **Gloss:** I was saying/said (imperfect)
- **Dependency Role:** root (`root`)
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `éleɡon`
- **Syllables:** ἔ-λε-γον
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- augment ἔ- indicates past
- λεγ- stem → /leɡ/
- ον ending /on/ yields /éleɡon/
</details>

### .
*punctuation* · **.**
- **Lemma:** .
- **Gloss:** .
- **Dependency Role:** punctuation (`punct`)
- **Governor:** token 14
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `.`
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- punctuation mark — no phonological content
</details>

### Dependency tree

```text
`-- 14 ἔλεγον [VERB] <root>
    |-- 1 ἐγὼ [PRON] <nsubj>
    |   |-- 2 δ ̓ [PART] <discourse>
    |   `-- 5 αὐτὸς [PRON] <conj>
    |       `-- 4 καὶ [CCONJ] <cc>
    |-- 3 οὖν [PART] <discourse>
    |-- 10 ἐπελαθόμην [VERB] <parataxis>
    |   |-- 7 αὐτῶν [PRON] <obl:agent>
    |   |   |-- 6 ὑπ ̓ [ADP] <case>
    |   |   `-- 8 ὀλίγου [ADJ] <nmod>
    |   `-- 9 ἐμαυτοῦ [PRON] <obl>
    |-- 11 , [PUNCT] <punct>
    |-- 12 οὕτω [ADV] <advmod>
    |-- 13 πιθανῶς [ADV] <advmod>
    `-- 15 . [PUNCT] <punct>
```

## Sentence 3
> καίτοι ἀληθές γε ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν οὐδὲν εἰρήκασιν .
> Translation (en-US): And yet, truly, as the saying goes, they have said nothing.
> Notes: I rendered ἀληθές γε as an emphatic 'truly' and ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν as the idiom 'as the saying goes'/'so to speak'. The perfect οὐδὲν εἰρήκασιν is taken as 'they have said nothing.'

### Word-by-word

### καίτοι
*adverb* · **however/yet (contrastive)**
- **Lemma:** καίτοι
- **Gloss:** however/yet (contrastive)
- **Dependency Role:** adverbial modifier (`advmod`)
- **Governor:** token 8
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `kái̯.toi`
- **Syllables:** καί · τοι
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- αι preserved as diphthong /ai̯/
- tonic accent on first syllable (acute)
- final -οι pronounced /oi/
</details>

### ἀληθές
*adjective* · **true (neuter nom. sing.)**
- **Lemma:** ἀληθής
- **Gloss:** true (neuter nom. sing.)
- **Dependency Role:** adverbial modifier (`advmod`)
- **Governor:** token 8
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `a.lɛː.ˈthés`
- **Syllables:** ἀ · λη · θές
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- ι-lengthening not involved; eta realization as /ɛː/ in medial position
- acute accent on final syllable
- final -ες realized /es/
</details>

### γε
*particle* · **indeed/at least (enclitic)**
- **Lemma:** γε
- **Gloss:** indeed/at least (enclitic)
- **Dependency Role:** discourse element (`discourse`)
- **Governor:** token 2
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ge`
- **Syllables:** γε
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- unstressed enclitic: attaches prosodically to preceding word
- short vowel /e/ preserved
</details>

### ὡς
*subordinating conjunction* · **as/that/in order to (varies with context)**
- **Lemma:** ὡς
- **Gloss:** as/that/in order to (varies with context)
- **Dependency Role:** marker (`mark`)
- **Governor:** token 6
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `hɔːs`
- **Syllables:** ὡς
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- initial rough breathing realized as /h/
- omega long vowel realized as /ɔː/
- circumflex indicated long/high tone on single syllable
</details>

### ἔπος
*noun* · **word/saying (nom. sg. neut.)**
- **Lemma:** ἔπος
- **Gloss:** word/saying (nom. sg. neut.)
- **Dependency Role:** nominal subject (`nsubj`)
- **Governor:** token 6
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ˈé.pos`
- **Syllables:** ἔ · πος
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- short epsilon in first syllable /e/
- stress on first syllable
- final -ος realized /os/
</details>

### εἰπεῖν
*verb* · **to say (infinitive, past stem)**
- **Lemma:** λέγω
- **Gloss:** to say (infinitive, past stem)
- **Dependency Role:** adverbial clause modifier (`advcl`)
- **Governor:** token 8
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ei.peĩn`
- **Syllables:** εἰ · πεῖν
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- diphthong εἰ realized /ei/
- circumflex on final syllable lengthens vowel (/eː/ or falling tone)
- infinitival -ειν preserved
</details>

### οὐδὲν
*pronoun* · **nothing (acc. neut. sing.)**
- **Lemma:** οὐδείς
- **Gloss:** nothing (acc. neut. sing.)
- **Dependency Role:** object (`obj`)
- **Governor:** token 8
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ù.dèn`
- **Syllables:** οὐ · δὲν
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- οὐ diphthong/close vowel realized /uː/ or /u/
- negation prefix οὐ preserved
- final -εν realized /en/
</details>

### εἰρήκασιν
*verb* · **they have said (perfect, 3pl)**
- **Lemma:** λέγω
- **Gloss:** they have said (perfect, 3pl)
- **Dependency Role:** root (`root`)
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `e.i.rɛː.ˈkasin`
- **Syllables:** εἰ · ρή · κα · σιν
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- initial εἰ realized /ei/ (but often reduced in rapid speech)
- eta in the second syllable realized /ɛː/
- perfect stem -κα- plus person/number ending -σιν preserved
- stress placed on penultimate syllable
</details>

### .
*punctuation* · **punctuation**
- **Lemma:** .
- **Gloss:** punctuation
- **Dependency Role:** punctuation (`punct`)
- **Governor:** token 8
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `.`

### Dependency tree

```text
`-- 8 εἰρήκασιν [VERB] <root>
    |-- 1 καίτοι [ADV] <advmod>
    |-- 2 ἀληθές [ADJ] <advmod>
    |   `-- 3 γε [PART] <discourse>
    |-- 6 εἰπεῖν [VERB] <advcl>
    |   |-- 4 ὡς [SCONJ] <mark>
    |   `-- 5 ἔπος [NOUN] <nsubj>
    |-- 7 οὐδὲν [PRON] <obj>
    `-- 9 . [PUNCT] <punct>
```

## Sentence 4
> μάλιστα δὲ αὐτῶν ἓν ἐθαύμασα τῶν πολλῶν ὧν ἐψεύσαντο , τοῦτο ἐν ᾧ ἔλεγον ὡς χρῆν ὑμᾶς εὐλαβεῖσθαι μὴ ὑπ ̓ ἐμοῦ ἐξαπατηθῆτε ὡς δεινοῦ ὄντος λέγειν .
> Translation (en-US): But what I marveled at most of all among the many things they lied about was this: they were saying that you ought to be on your guard, lest you be deceived by me, as if I were a formidable (powerful/skillful) speaker.
> Notes: I render χρῆν ὑμᾶς εὐλαβεῖσθαι as “you ought to be on your guard” following the idiom note. I interpret δεινοῦ ὄντος λέγειν as “as if I were a formidable/skillful speaker” (δεινός can mean terrible, formidable, or remarkably skilled), which fits the warning not to be deceived.

### Word-by-word

### μάλιστα
*adverb* · **especially; most of all**
- **Lemma:** μάλιστα
- **Gloss:** especially; most of all
- **Dependency Role:** discourse element (`discourse`)
- **Governor:** token 5
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `málist̪a`
- **Syllables:** má · lis · ta
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- original Attic vowel values
- acute on first syllable retained
- final -a unstressed reduced quality
</details>

### δὲ
*particle* · **but/and (contrastive particle)**
- **Lemma:** δέ
- **Gloss:** but/and (contrastive particle)
- **Dependency Role:** discourse element (`discourse`)
- **Governor:** token 5
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `dé`
- **Syllables:** dé
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- short vowel e with acute
- clitic behavior after preceding word
</details>

### αὐτῶν
*pronoun* · **of them / their (reflexive/possessive)**
- **Lemma:** αὐτός
- **Gloss:** of them / their (reflexive/possessive)
- **Dependency Role:** nominal modifier (`nmod`)
- **Governor:** token 4
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `auˈtɔ̂ːn`
- **Syllables:** au · tôn
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- diphthong au preserved
- circumflex reflects contraction/long vowel on ultima
</details>

### ἓν
*numeral* · **one (neuter acc.)**
- **Lemma:** εἷς
- **Gloss:** one (neuter acc.)
- **Dependency Role:** object (`obj`)
- **Governor:** token 5
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `hén`
- **Syllables:** hén
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- initial rough breathing (h-)
- vowel length/quality as in classical Attic
</details>

### ἐθαύμασα
*verb* · **I wondered / marveled**
- **Lemma:** θαυμάζω
- **Gloss:** I wondered / marveled
- **Dependency Role:** root (`root`)
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ethaúmːasa`
- **Syllables:** e · thaú · ma · sa
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- augment e- marks past indicative
- double consonant mː indicates gemination in morphology
</details>

### τῶν
*determiner* · **of the (masc. pl.)**
- **Lemma:** ὁ
- **Gloss:** of the (masc. pl.)
- **Dependency Role:** determiner (`det`)
- **Governor:** token 7
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `tɔ̂ːn`
- **Syllables:** tôn
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- long o (ô) indicated by circumflex
- genitive plural article form
</details>

### πολλῶν
*adjective* · **many (of the many)**
- **Lemma:** πολύς
- **Gloss:** many (of the many)
- **Dependency Role:** nominal modifier (`nmod`)
- **Governor:** token 4
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `polˈlɔ̂ːn`
- **Syllables:** pol · lôn
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- double l from stem + ending
- circumflex on ultima marks long vowel
</details>

### ὧν
*pronoun* · **of whom / of which (rel.)**
- **Lemma:** ὅ
- **Gloss:** of whom / of which (rel.)
- **Dependency Role:** oblique nominal (`obl`)
- **Governor:** token 9
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `hɔ̂n`
- **Syllables:** hôn
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- initial rough breathing retained
- circumflex on ultima
</details>

### ἐψεύσαντο
*verb* · **they lied / were lying**
- **Lemma:** ψεύδομαι
- **Gloss:** they lied / were lying
- **Dependency Role:** clausal modifier of noun (`acl`)
- **Governor:** token 5
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `epséfsanto`
- **Syllables:** e · pséu · fsa · nto
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- augment e- for past
- middle/passive morphology -αντο
- ps cluster indicates original psi sound
</details>

### ,
*punctuation* · **,**
- **Lemma:** ,
- **Gloss:** ,
- **Dependency Role:** punctuation (`punct`)
- **Governor:** token 5
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `,`

### τοῦτο
*pronoun* · **this (neuter sing.)**
- **Lemma:** οὗτος
- **Gloss:** this (neuter sing.)
- **Dependency Role:** object (`obj`)
- **Governor:** token 5
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `toûto`
- **Syllables:** toû · to
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- circumflex on first syllable indicates long vowel
- demonstrative neuter
</details>

### ἐν
*adposition* · **in / among**
- **Lemma:** ἐν
- **Gloss:** in / among
- **Dependency Role:** case marking (`case`)
- **Governor:** token 13
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `en`
- **Syllables:** en
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- short e preposition, no accent
</details>

### ᾧ
*pronoun* · **in which / to which (dat. rel.)**
- **Lemma:** ὅ
- **Gloss:** in which / to which (dat. rel.)
- **Dependency Role:** oblique nominal (`obl`)
- **Governor:** token 14
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `hɔ̂i`
- **Syllables:** hɔ̂i
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- dative singular with diphthongal quality
- initial rough breathing
</details>

### ἔλεγον
*verb* · **they were saying / used to say**
- **Lemma:** λέγω
- **Gloss:** they were saying / used to say
- **Dependency Role:** clausal modifier of noun (`acl`)
- **Governor:** token 11
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `élegon`
- **Syllables:** é · le · gon
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- imperfect tense marker -εγον
- short vowels preserved
</details>

### ὡς
*subordinating conjunction* · **that / as (introducing clause)**
- **Lemma:** ὡς
- **Gloss:** that / as (introducing clause)
- **Dependency Role:** marker (`mark`)
- **Governor:** token 16
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `hɔ̂s`
- **Syllables:** hɔ̂s
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- rough breathing + circumflex on vowel
</details>

### χρῆν
*verb* · **it was necessary / one ought**
- **Lemma:** χρή
- **Gloss:** it was necessary / one ought
- **Dependency Role:** clausal complement (`ccomp`)
- **Governor:** token 14
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `khrɛ̂ːn`
- **Syllables:** khrên
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- aspirated initial consonant (kh)
- long vowel or lengthened quantity indicated by circumflex
</details>

### ὑμᾶς
*pronoun* · **you (pl. acc.)**
- **Lemma:** ὑμεῖς
- **Gloss:** you (pl. acc.)
- **Dependency Role:** object (`obj`)
- **Governor:** token 18
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `hymâs`
- **Syllables:** hy · mâs
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- aspirated initial rough breathing
- long vowel indicated on ultima
</details>

### εὐλαβεῖσθαι
*verb* · **to be cautious / take care**
- **Lemma:** εὐλαβέομαι
- **Gloss:** to be cautious / take care
- **Dependency Role:** open clausal complement (`xcomp`)
- **Governor:** token 16
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `eu̯labeîst̪ai`
- **Syllables:** eu̯ · la · beî · sthai
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- initial diphthong eu preserved
- middle/passive infinitival -σθαι
- accent placed according to infinitive rules
</details>

### μὴ
*particle* · **not / lest (negation)**
- **Lemma:** μὴ
- **Gloss:** not / lest (negation)
- **Governor:** token 18
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `mɛ̌ː`
- **Syllables:** mɛ̌ː
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- long vowel quality in certain contexts
- clitic negation particle
</details>

### ὑπ ̓
*adposition* · **by (agent, with gen.)**
- **Lemma:** ὑπό
- **Gloss:** by (agent, with gen.)
- **Dependency Role:** case marking (`case`)
- **Governor:** token 21
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `hupó`
- **Syllables:** hu · pó
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- elided form ὑπ' before vowel (apostrophized)
- preposition with genitive
</details>

### ἐμοῦ
*pronoun* · **of me / my**
- **Lemma:** ἐγώ
- **Gloss:** of me / my
- **Dependency Role:** oblique nominal (`obl`)
- **Governor:** token 22
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `emoû`
- **Syllables:** e · moû
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- genitive singular form with circumflex on ultima
- no rough breathing
</details>

### ἐξαπατηθῆτε
*verb* · **you might have been deceived**
- **Lemma:** ἐξαπατάω
- **Gloss:** you might have been deceived
- **Dependency Role:** open clausal complement (`xcomp`)
- **Governor:** token 18
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `eksapatɛthɛ̂ːte`
- **Syllables:** e · ksa · pa · tɛ · thê · te
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- ex- prefix assimilates to following consonant
- passive subjunctive marker -θῆτε
- augment marks past stem
</details>

### ὡς
*subordinating conjunction* · **that / as**
- **Lemma:** ὡς
- **Gloss:** that / as
- **Dependency Role:** marker (`mark`)
- **Governor:** token 25
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `hɔ̂s`
- **Syllables:** hɔ̂s
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- same form as earlier ὡς; introduces content clause or comparative
</details>

### δεινοῦ
*adjective* · **of a terrible/strange thing**
- **Lemma:** δεινός
- **Gloss:** of a terrible/strange thing
- **Dependency Role:** adjectival modifier (`amod`)
- **Governor:** token 25
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `deinôː`
- **Syllables:** dei · nôu
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- diphthong ei preserved
- genitive singular ending -ου with long vowel
</details>

### ὄντος
*verb* · **being / when it was**
- **Lemma:** εἰμί
- **Gloss:** being / when it was
- **Dependency Role:** adverbial clause modifier (`advcl`)
- **Governor:** token 22
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `óntos`
- **Syllables:** ón · tos
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- present participle stem on- + case endings
- short vowels as in classical Attic
</details>

### λέγειν
*verb* · **to say**
- **Lemma:** λέγω
- **Gloss:** to say
- **Dependency Role:** open clausal complement (`xcomp`)
- **Governor:** token 25
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `légein`
- **Syllables:** lé · gein
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- present active infinitive -ειν
- short e in root
</details>

### .
*punctuation* · **.**
- **Lemma:** .
- **Gloss:** .
- **Dependency Role:** punctuation (`punct`)
- **Governor:** token 5
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `.`

### Dependency tree

```text
`-- 5 ἐθαύμασα [VERB] <root>
    |-- 1 μάλιστα [ADV] <discourse>
    |-- 2 δὲ [PART] <discourse>
    |-- 4 ἓν [NUM] <obj>
    |   |-- 3 αὐτῶν [PRON] <nmod>
    |   `-- 7 πολλῶν [ADJ] <nmod>
    |       `-- 6 τῶν [DET] <det>
    |-- 9 ἐψεύσαντο [VERB] <acl>
    |   `-- 8 ὧν [PRON] <obl>
    |-- 10 , [PUNCT] <punct>
    |-- 11 τοῦτο [PRON] <obj>
    |   `-- 14 ἔλεγον [VERB] <acl:relcl>
    |       |-- 13 ᾧ [PRON] <obl>
    |       |   `-- 12 ἐν [ADP] <case>
    |       `-- 16 χρῆν [VERB] <ccomp>
    |           |-- 15 ὡς [SCONJ] <mark>
    |           `-- 18 εὐλαβεῖσθαι [VERB] <xcomp>
    |               |-- 17 ὑμᾶς [PRON] <obj>
    |               |-- 19 μὴ [PART]
    |               `-- 22 ἐξαπατηθῆτε [VERB] <xcomp>
    |                   |-- 21 ἐμοῦ [PRON] <obl:agent>
    |                   |   `-- 20 ὑπ ̓ [ADP] <case>
    |                   `-- 25 ὄντος [VERB] <advcl>
    |                       |-- 23 ὡς [SCONJ] <mark>
    |                       |-- 24 δεινοῦ [ADJ] <amod>
    |                       `-- 26 λέγειν [VERB] <xcomp>
    `-- 27 . [PUNCT] <punct>
```

## Sentence 5
> τὸ γὰρ μὴ αἰσχυνθῆναι ὅτι αὐτίκα ὑπ ̓ ἐμοῦ ἐξελεγχθήσονται ἔργῳ , ἐπειδὰν μηδ ̓ ὁπωστιοῦν φαίνωμαι δεινὸς λέγειν , τοῦτό μοι ἔδοξεν αὐτῶν ἀναισχυντότατον εἶναι , εἰ μὴ ἄρα δεινὸν καλοῦσιν οὗτοι λέγειν τόν τἀληθῆ λέγοντα :
> Translation (en-US): For it seemed to me the most shameless thing in them that they were not ashamed that they would immediately be exposed by me in action whenever I did not at all seem formidable in speaking — unless, then, these men call 'formidable' the man who speaks the truth.
> Notes: I followed the idiomatic reading of ἐπειδὰν μηδὲ ὁπωστιοῦν φαίνωμαι as a concessive/temporal subjunctive ('whenever I did not at all seem'). δεινόν is rendered 'formidable' (could be 'terrible'), and καλοῦσιν conveys 'they call/consider.'

### Word-by-word

### τὸ
*determiner* · **the (acc. neut.)**
- **Lemma:** ὁ
- **Gloss:** the (acc. neut.)
- **Dependency Role:** determiner (`det`)
- **Governor:** token 4
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `toː`
- **Syllables:** τὸ
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- short o preserved
- final vowel long (orthographic)
</details>

### γὰρ
*particle* · **for / indeed (postpositive)**
- **Lemma:** γάρ
- **Gloss:** for / indeed (postpositive)
- **Dependency Role:** discourse element (`discourse`)
- **Governor:** token 4
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ɡar`
- **Syllables:** γὰρ
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- postpositive particle; accent on vowel (short a)
</details>

### μὴ
*particle* · **not (negation)**
- **Lemma:** μή
- **Gloss:** not (negation)
- **Governor:** token 4
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `mɛː`
- **Syllables:** μὴ
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- long e-grade pronunciation in Ionic-Attic; negation particle
</details>

### αἰσχυνθῆναι
*verb* · **to be ashamed / to be dishonored (inf. aor./past passive)**
- **Lemma:** αἰσχύνω
- **Gloss:** to be ashamed / to be dishonored (inf. aor./past passive)
- **Dependency Role:** object (`obj`)
- **Governor:** token 21
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ai̯skhyn.thɛː.nai`
- **Syllables:** αι̯σ · χυ · νθῆ · ναι
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- diphthong ai̯ at start
- aspiration preserved on χ/θ
- lengthening of thematic vowel in past/passive infinitive
</details>

### ὅτι
*subordinating conjunction* · **that / because**
- **Lemma:** ὅτι
- **Gloss:** that / because
- **Dependency Role:** marker (`mark`)
- **Governor:** token 9
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ho.ti`
- **Syllables:** ὅ · τι
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- ho- with rough breathing assimilation if preceding vowel elided
</details>

### αὐτίκα
*adverb* · **immediately**
- **Lemma:** αὐτίκα
- **Gloss:** immediately
- **Dependency Role:** adverbial modifier (`advmod`)
- **Governor:** token 9
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `au̯.ti.ka`
- **Syllables:** αὐ · τί · κα
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- diphthong au̯
- accent on penult (τί)
</details>

### ὑπ ̓
*adposition* · **from under / by (agent) (with Gen.)**
- **Lemma:** ὑπό
- **Gloss:** from under / by (agent) (with Gen.)
- **Dependency Role:** case marking (`case`)
- **Governor:** token 8
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `hypo`
- **Syllables:** ὑ · π'
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- elision/apostrophe-marked clipping (ὑπʼ + vowel)
- preposition takes Genitive agent meaning before pronoun
</details>

### ἐμοῦ
*pronoun* · **of me / my**
- **Lemma:** ἐγώ
- **Gloss:** of me / my
- **Dependency Role:** oblique nominal (`obl`)
- **Governor:** token 9
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `e.moː`
- **Syllables:** ἐ · μοῦ
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- morphological genitive ending -οῦ long
- acute on ultima due to contraction historically
</details>

### ἐξελεγχθήσονται
*verb* · **they will be refuted / exposed**
- **Lemma:** ἐξελέγχω
- **Gloss:** they will be refuted / exposed
- **Dependency Role:** clausal complement (`ccomp`)
- **Governor:** token 4
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ek.se.len.khthɛː.soŋ.tai`
- **Syllables:** ἐκ · σε · λεν · γχθῆ · σο · νται
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- prefix ex- becomes ek- before consonant
- complex consonant cluster len- + γχθῆ
- future passive ending -σονται clear
</details>

### ἔργῳ
*noun* · **for/with respect to deed / action (dat.)**
- **Lemma:** ἔργον
- **Gloss:** for/with respect to deed / action (dat.)
- **Dependency Role:** oblique nominal (`obl`)
- **Governor:** token 9
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `er.goː`
- **Syllables:** ἔρ · γῳ
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- dative singular ending -ῳ long
- ortho accent on first syllable
</details>

### ,
*punctuation* · **,**
- **Lemma:** ,
- **Gloss:** ,
- **Dependency Role:** punctuation (`punct`)
- **Governor:** token 9
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `,`

### ἐπειδὰν
*subordinating conjunction* · **whenever / when**
- **Lemma:** ἐπειδάν
- **Gloss:** whenever / when
- **Dependency Role:** marker (`mark`)
- **Governor:** token 15
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `e.pei.daːn`
- **Syllables:** ἐ · πει · δὰν
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- ai diphthong in πεῖ retained
- subjunctive temporal sense
</details>

### μηδ ̓
*coordinating conjunction* · **nor / and not**
- **Lemma:** μηδέ
- **Gloss:** nor / and not
- **Governor:** token 15
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `mɛː.de`
- **Syllables:** μη · δ'
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- apostrophe indicates elision before vowel
- negative coordinating particle
</details>

### ὁπωστιοῦν
*adverb* · **in any way / at all**
- **Lemma:** ὁπωστιοῦν
- **Gloss:** in any way / at all
- **Dependency Role:** adverbial modifier (`advmod`)
- **Governor:** token 15
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ho.po.sti.uːn`
- **Syllables:** ὁ · πω · στι · οῦν
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- compound ὁπω- + στί- + -οῦν; long vowel on -οῦν
</details>

### φαίνωμαι
*verb* · **may I seem / I may appear (subjunctive middle)**
- **Lemma:** φαίνομαι
- **Gloss:** may I seem / I may appear (subjunctive middle)
- **Dependency Role:** adverbial clause modifier (`advcl`)
- **Governor:** token 21
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `phai̯.noː.myai`
- **Syllables:** φαί · νω · μαι
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- diphthong αι̯ preserved
- subjunctive middle ending -μαι
</details>

### δεινὸς
*adjective* · **terrible / strange / formidable (nom. masc.)**
- **Lemma:** δεινός
- **Gloss:** terrible / strange / formidable (nom. masc.)
- **Dependency Role:** open clausal complement (`xcomp`)
- **Governor:** token 17
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `dei̯.nos`
- **Syllables:** δει · νὸς
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- diphthong ει pronounced as ei̯
- short ending -ος
</details>

### λέγειν
*verb* · **to say**
- **Lemma:** λέγω
- **Gloss:** to say
- **Dependency Role:** open clausal complement (`xcomp`)
- **Governor:** token 15
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `le.ɡein`
- **Syllables:** λέ · γειν
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- ei diphthong in infinitive ending
- pres. stem leg-
</details>

### ,
*punctuation* · **,**
- **Lemma:** ,
- **Gloss:** ,
- **Dependency Role:** punctuation (`punct`)
- **Governor:** token 15
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `,`

### τοῦτό
*pronoun* · **this (nom. neut.)**
- **Lemma:** οὗτος
- **Gloss:** this (nom. neut.)
- **Dependency Role:** nominal subject (`nsubj`)
- **Governor:** token 21
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `thou̯.tod`
- **Syllables:** τοῦ · τό
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- circumflex on first syllable indicates long vowel
- demonstrative pronoun form
</details>

### μοι
*pronoun* · **to me / for me (dat.)**
- **Lemma:** ἐγώ
- **Gloss:** to me / for me (dat.)
- **Dependency Role:** indirect object (`iobj`)
- **Governor:** token 21
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `moi`
- **Syllables:** μοι
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- dative singular short form
- enclitic potential depending on context
</details>

### ἔδοξεν
*verb* · **it seemed / it seemed good (impersonal past)**
- **Lemma:** δοκέω
- **Gloss:** it seemed / it seemed good (impersonal past)
- **Dependency Role:** root (`root`)
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `e.do.ksen`
- **Syllables:** ἔ · δο · ξεν
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- past indicative sigma infix/ending preserved
- impersonal construction often takes dative + infinitive
</details>

### αὐτῶν
*pronoun* · **of them / their**
- **Lemma:** αὐτός
- **Gloss:** of them / their
- **Dependency Role:** nominal modifier (`nmod`)
- **Governor:** token 23
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `au̯.toːn`
- **Syllables:** αὐ · τῶν
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- diphthong au̯
- genitive plural -ῶν long
</details>

### ἀναισχυντότατον
*adjective* · **most shameless / very shameful (superlative acc. neut.)**
- **Lemma:** ἀναισχυντότατος
- **Gloss:** most shameless / very shameful (superlative acc. neut.)
- **Dependency Role:** open clausal complement (`xcomp`)
- **Governor:** token 24
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `a.nai̯.skhy̯n.toː.ta.ton`
- **Syllables:** ἀ · ναι̯ · σχυ · ντό · τα · τον
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- diphthong αι̯
- superlative -τότατος expanded
- accusative neuter singular ending -ον
</details>

### εἶναι
*verb* · **to be**
- **Lemma:** εἰμί
- **Gloss:** to be
- **Dependency Role:** open clausal complement (`xcomp`)
- **Governor:** token 21
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ei̯.nai`
- **Syllables:** εἶ · ναι
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- diphthong ει pronounced ei̯
- infinitive form regular
</details>

### ,
*punctuation* · **,**
- **Lemma:** ,
- **Gloss:** ,
- **Dependency Role:** punctuation (`punct`)
- **Governor:** token 21
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `,`

### εἰ
*subordinating conjunction* · **if**
- **Lemma:** εἰ
- **Gloss:** if
- **Dependency Role:** marker (`mark`)
- **Governor:** token 30
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ei`
- **Syllables:** εἰ
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- short diphthong-like vowel in conditional particle
</details>

### μὴ
*particle* · **not (negating)**
- **Lemma:** μή
- **Gloss:** not (negating)
- **Governor:** token 30
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `mɛː`
- **Syllables:** μὴ
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- negation used with non-indicative or particular expressions
</details>

### ἄρα
*particle* · **therefore / then (particle)**
- **Lemma:** ἄρα
- **Gloss:** therefore / then (particle)
- **Dependency Role:** adverbial modifier (`advmod`)
- **Governor:** token 30
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `a.ra`
- **Syllables:** ἄ · ρα
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- inferential/discourse particle usage preserved
</details>

### δεινὸν
*adjective* · **a terrible/strange thing (acc. neut.)**
- **Lemma:** δεινός
- **Gloss:** a terrible/strange thing (acc. neut.)
- **Dependency Role:** object (`obj`)
- **Governor:** token 30
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `dei̯.non`
- **Syllables:** δει · νὸν
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- neuter accusative singular -ον
- diphthong ει pronounced ei̯
</details>

### καλοῦσιν
*verb* · **they call / they consider**
- **Lemma:** καλέω
- **Gloss:** they call / they consider
- **Dependency Role:** adverbial clause modifier (`advcl`)
- **Governor:** token 21
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ka.loː.syn`
- **Syllables:** κα · λοῦ · σιν
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- long vowel in thematic syllable -οῦ
- 3rd pl. ending -σι(ν)
</details>

### οὗτοι
*pronoun* · **these (masc. pl. nom.)**
- **Lemma:** οὗτος
- **Gloss:** these (masc. pl. nom.)
- **Dependency Role:** nominal subject (`nsubj`)
- **Governor:** token 30
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `hou̯.toi`
- **Syllables:** οὗ · τοι
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- circumflex indicates long vowel in οὗ
- demonstrative plural form
</details>

### λέγειν
*verb* · **to say**
- **Lemma:** λέγω
- **Gloss:** to say
- **Dependency Role:** open clausal complement (`xcomp`)
- **Governor:** token 30
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `le.ɡein`
- **Syllables:** λέ · γειν
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- present infinitive with diphthong ei
</details>

### τόν
*determiner* · **the (acc. masc.)**
- **Lemma:** ὁ
- **Gloss:** the (acc. masc.)
- **Dependency Role:** determiner (`det`)
- **Governor:** token 35
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ton`
- **Syllables:** τόν
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- short o; accusative masculine singular ending -ν
</details>

### τἀληθῆ
*adjective* · **the true things / truths (acc. pl. neut.)**
- **Lemma:** ἀληθής
- **Gloss:** the true things / truths (acc. pl. neut.)
- **Dependency Role:** object (`obj`)
- **Governor:** token 35
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ta.leː.theː`
- **Syllables:** τ' · α · λη · θῆ
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- enclitic τ' indicates elision of vowel
- theta aspiration preserved
- plural neuter accusative -ᾱ nominally long
</details>

### λέγοντα
*verb* · **saying / who says (acc. masc. pres. part.)**
- **Lemma:** λέγω
- **Gloss:** saying / who says (acc. masc. pres. part.)
- **Dependency Role:** open clausal complement (`xcomp`)
- **Governor:** token 32
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `le.ɡon.ta`
- **Syllables:** λέ · γον · τα
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- present participle endings -οντα (acc. masc. sing.) preserved
</details>

### :
*punctuation* · **:**
- **Lemma:** :
- **Gloss:** :
- **Dependency Role:** punctuation (`punct`)
- **Governor:** token 30
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `:`

### Dependency tree

```text
`-- 21 ἔδοξεν [VERB] <root>
    |-- 4 αἰσχυνθῆναι [VERB] <obj>
    |   |-- 1 τὸ [DET] <det>
    |   |-- 2 γὰρ [PART] <discourse>
    |   |-- 3 μὴ [PART]
    |   `-- 9 ἐξελεγχθήσονται [VERB] <ccomp>
    |       |-- 5 ὅτι [SCONJ] <mark>
    |       |-- 6 αὐτίκα [ADV] <advmod>
    |       |-- 8 ἐμοῦ [PRON] <obl:agent>
    |       |   `-- 7 ὑπ ̓ [ADP] <case>
    |       |-- 10 ἔργῳ [NOUN] <obl>
    |       `-- 11 , [PUNCT] <punct>
    |-- 15 φαίνωμαι [VERB] <advcl>
    |   |-- 12 ἐπειδὰν [SCONJ] <mark>
    |   |-- 13 μηδ ̓ [CCONJ]
    |   |-- 14 ὁπωστιοῦν [ADV] <advmod>
    |   |-- 17 λέγειν [VERB] <xcomp>
    |   |   `-- 16 δεινὸς [ADJ] <xcomp>
    |   `-- 18 , [PUNCT] <punct>
    |-- 19 τοῦτό [PRON] <nsubj>
    |-- 20 μοι [PRON] <iobj>
    |-- 24 εἶναι [VERB] <xcomp>
    |   `-- 23 ἀναισχυντότατον [ADJ] <xcomp>
    |       `-- 22 αὐτῶν [PRON] <nmod>
    |-- 25 , [PUNCT] <punct>
    `-- 30 καλοῦσιν [VERB] <advcl>
        |-- 26 εἰ [SCONJ] <mark>
        |-- 27 μὴ [PART]
        |-- 28 ἄρα [PART] <advmod>
        |-- 29 δεινὸν [ADJ] <obj>
        |-- 31 οὗτοι [PRON] <nsubj>
        |-- 32 λέγειν [VERB] <xcomp>
        |   `-- 35 λέγοντα [VERB] <xcomp>
        |       |-- 33 τόν [DET] <det>
        |       `-- 34 τἀληθῆ [ADJ] <obj>
        `-- 36 : [PUNCT] <punct>
```

## Sentence 6
> εἰ μὲν γὰρ τοῦτο λέγουσιν , ὁμολογοίην ἂν ἔγωγε γε οὐ κατὰ τούτους εἶναι ῥήτωρ .
> Translation (en-US): For if they say this, I would concede, at least, that I am not an orator according to them.
> Notes: μὲν ... γὰρ supplies the contrastive/explanatory tone ('for if...'); ἔγωγε = 'I, at least' (emphatic). The optative ὁμολογοίην + ἂν gives a counterfactual/contingent sense: 'I would concede.'

### Word-by-word

### εἰ
*subordinating conjunction* · **if (conditional marker)**
- **Lemma:** εἰ
- **Gloss:** if (conditional marker)
- **Dependency Role:** marker (`mark`)
- **Governor:** token 5
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ei̯`
- **Syllables:** εἰ
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- ε + ἰ form diphthong /ei̯/ (Attic) -> monosyllabic
- monosyllable: no internal accent; stress determined by clitic/phrase
</details>

### μὲν
*particle* · **on the one hand (contrastive particle)**
- **Lemma:** μέν
- **Gloss:** on the one hand (contrastive particle)
- **Dependency Role:** adverbial modifier (`advmod`)
- **Governor:** token 5
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `mèn`
- **Syllables:** μὲν
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- μ + ὲ + ν -> /men/ with short e (Attic)
- particle: prosodically light; often balanced by a following γὰρ or contrasted by δέ
</details>

### γὰρ
*particle* · **for (explanatory particle)**
- **Lemma:** γάρ
- **Gloss:** for (explanatory particle)
- **Dependency Role:** adverbial modifier (`advmod`)
- **Governor:** token 5
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ɡàr`
- **Syllables:** γὰρ
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- γ + ὰ + ρ -> /ɡar/ with short a
- explains or justifies prior statement; prosodically light
</details>

### τοῦτο
*pronoun* · **this (accusative neuter singular)**
- **Lemma:** οὗτος
- **Gloss:** this (accusative neuter singular)
- **Dependency Role:** object (`obj`)
- **Governor:** token 5
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `tûː.to`
- **Syllables:** τοῦ · το
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- τοῦ (long vowel /uː/) + το -> /tûː.to/
- accent realized as a circumflex on τοῦ in classical Attic; stress/intonation follows phrase
</details>

### λέγουσιν
*verb* · **they say**
- **Lemma:** λέγω
- **Gloss:** they say
- **Dependency Role:** adverbial clause modifier (`advcl`)
- **Governor:** token 7
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `lé.ɡu.sin`
- **Syllables:** λέ · γου · σιν
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- λέ- (short e + acute) + γου (gu) + σιν -> /lé.ɡu.sin/
- 3rd pl. present active ending -ουσι(ν) with movable nu
</details>

### ,
*punctuation* · **comma**
- **Lemma:** ,
- **Gloss:** comma
- **Dependency Role:** punctuation (`punct`)
- **Governor:** token 7
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `,`
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- punctuation, no phonological value
</details>

### ὁμολογοίην
*verb* · **I would concede / might agree**
- **Lemma:** ὁμολογέω
- **Gloss:** I would concede / might agree
- **Dependency Role:** root (`root`)
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ho.mo.lo.ɡó.i̯ɛn`
- **Syllables:** ὁ · μο · λο · γό · ι̯ην
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- ὁμολογ- stem + -οίην (optative 1sg) -> vowel sequence /ói̯ɛn/
- diphthongization in suffix: -οι- yields /oi̯/; final -ην pronounced /ɛn/
</details>

### ἂν
*particle* · **modal particle marking contingency (with optative/indicative)**
- **Lemma:** ἄν
- **Gloss:** modal particle marking contingency (with optative/indicative)
- **Dependency Role:** auxiliary (`aux`)
- **Governor:** token 7
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `àn`
- **Syllables:** ἂν
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- ἄ + ν -> /an/ with short a
- combines with optative/indicative to mark potentiality/contingency
</details>

### ἔγωγε
*pronoun* · **I (with emphatic particle γε)**
- **Lemma:** ἐγώ
- **Gloss:** I (with emphatic particle γε)
- **Dependency Role:** nominal subject (`nsubj`)
- **Governor:** token 7
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `é.ɡɔ.ɡe`
- **Syllables:** ἔ · γω · γε
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- ἔγω (é.ɡɔ) + γε (ge) enclitic -> /é.ɡɔ.ɡe/
- γε as enclitic adds emphasis 'at least' or 'indeed'
</details>

### γε
*particle* · **at least / indeed (enclitic)**
- **Lemma:** γε
- **Gloss:** at least / indeed (enclitic)
- **Dependency Role:** adverbial modifier (`advmod`)
- **Governor:** token 9
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ɡe`
- **Syllables:** γε
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- γε pronounced /ge/; attaches prosodically to preceding word
- often unaccented; modifies force of preceding word
</details>

### οὐ
*particle* · **not (negation)**
- **Lemma:** οὐ
- **Gloss:** not (negation)
- **Governor:** token 7
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `o.u`
- **Syllables:** οὐ
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- ο + ὐ forms long diphthong /ou/ (Attic) -> /o.u/ or /ou/
- prosodically independent negative particle
</details>

### κατὰ
*adposition* · **against / according to (with Acc here likely 'against')**
- **Lemma:** κατά
- **Gloss:** against / according to (with Acc here likely 'against')
- **Dependency Role:** case marking (`case`)
- **Governor:** token 13
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `ka.tà`
- **Syllables:** κα · τὰ
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- κα + τὰ -> /ka.ta/ with final accent on ὰ
- with Acc usually 'against' or 'in relation to' depending on context
</details>

### τούτους
*pronoun* · **these (accusative masc. plural)**
- **Lemma:** οὗτος
- **Gloss:** these (accusative masc. plural)
- **Dependency Role:** oblique nominal (`obl`)
- **Governor:** token 7
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `tûː.tus`
- **Syllables:** τού · τους
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- τού (long /uː/) + τους -> /tûː.tus/
- demonstrative accusative plural masculine referring to persons/things previously mentioned
</details>

### εἶναι
*verb* · **to be (present infinitive)**
- **Lemma:** εἰμί
- **Gloss:** to be (present infinitive)
- **Dependency Role:** open clausal complement (`xcomp`)
- **Governor:** token 7
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `êi̯.nai`
- **Syllables:** εἶ · ναι
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- εἶ (diphthong /ei̯/ lengthened historically -> /êi̯/) + ναι (/nai/)
- infinitive ending -ναι; used in indirect speech or infinitival constructions
</details>

### ῥήτωρ
*noun* · **orator/leader (nom. sing.)**
- **Lemma:** ῥήτωρ
- **Gloss:** orator/leader (nom. sing.)
- **Dependency Role:** open clausal complement (`xcomp`)
- **Governor:** token 14
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `rɛ̃ː.tɔr`
- **Syllables:** ῥή · τωρ
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- ῥή (long e with rough breathing) + τορ -> /rɛ̃ː.tɔr/ (approx.)
- nominative singular masculine; subject of εἶναι (infinitival construction)
</details>

### .
*punctuation* · **period**
- **Lemma:** .
- **Gloss:** period
- **Dependency Role:** punctuation (`punct`)
- **Governor:** token 7
- **IPA (attic_5c_bce):** `.`
<details>
<summary>Phonology</summary>
- sentence-final punctuation, no phonological value
</details>

### Dependency tree

```text
`-- 7 ὁμολογοίην [VERB] <root>
    |-- 5 λέγουσιν [VERB] <advcl>
    |   |-- 1 εἰ [SCONJ] <mark>
    |   |-- 2 μὲν [PART] <advmod>
    |   |-- 3 γὰρ [PART] <advmod>
    |   `-- 4 τοῦτο [PRON] <obj>
    |-- 6 , [PUNCT] <punct>
    |-- 8 ἂν [PART] <aux>
    |-- 9 ἔγωγε [PRON] <nsubj>
    |   `-- 10 γε [PART] <advmod>
    |-- 11 οὐ [PART]
    |-- 13 τούτους [PRON] <obl>
    |   `-- 12 κατὰ [ADP] <case>
    |-- 14 εἶναι [VERB] <xcomp>
    |   `-- 15 ῥήτωρ [NOUN] <xcomp>
    `-- 16 . [PUNCT] <punct>
>>>>>>> add-tree-print
```
