# The Evolution of Finger: adding features to the finger service

## Introduction

This is the second part of the Twisted tutorial Twisted from Scratch, or The Evolution of Finger.

In this section of the tutorial, our finger server will continue to sprout features: the ability for users to set finger announces, and using our finger service to send those announcements on the web, on IRC and over XML-RPC.

## Setting Message By Local Users

Now that port 1079 is free, maybe we can run on it a different server, one which will let people set their messages. It does no access control, so anyone who can login to the machine can set any message. We assume this is the desired behavior in our case. Testing it can be done by simply:

    % nc localhost 1079   # or telnet localhost 1079
    moshez
    Giving a tutorial now, sorry!
    ^D

    # But let's try and fix setting away messages, shall we?
    from twisted.application import internet, service
    from twisted.internet import protocol, reactor, defer
    from twisted.protocols import basic
    class FingerProtocol(basic.LineReceiver):
        def lineReceived(self, user):
            self.factory.getUser(user
            ).addErrback(lambda _: "Internal error in server"
            ).addCallback(lambda m:
                          (self.transport.write(m+"\r\n"),
                           self.transport.loseConnection()))

    class FingerFactory(protocol.ServerFactory):
        protocol = FingerProtocol
        def __init__(self, **kwargs): self.users = kwargs
        def getUser(self, user):
            return defer.succeed(self.users.get(user, "No such user"))

    class FingerSetterProtocol(basic.LineReceiver):
        def connectionMade(self): self.lines = []
        def lineReceived(self, line): self.lines.append(line)
        def connectionLost(self, reason):
            self.factory.setUser(*self.lines[:2])
            # first line: user    second line: status

    class FingerSetterFactory(protocol.ServerFactory):
        protocol = FingerSetterProtocol
        def __init__(self, ff): self.setUser = ff.users.__setitem__

    ff = FingerFactory(moshez='Happy and well')
    fsf = FingerSetterFactory(ff)

    application = service.Application('finger', uid=1, gid=1)
    serviceCollection = service.IServiceCollection(application)
    internet.TCPServer(79,ff).setServiceParent(serviceCollection)
    internet.TCPServer(1079,fsf).setServiceParent(serviceCollection)

Source listing - listings/finger/finger12.py

## Use Services to Make Dependencies Sane

The previous version had the setter poke at the innards of the finger factory. It's usually not a good idea: this version makes both factories symmetric by making them both look at a single object. Services are useful for when an object is needed which is not related to a specific network server. Here, we moved all responsibility for manufacturing factories into the service. Note that we stopped subclassing: the service simply puts useful methods and attributes inside the factories. We are getting better at protocol design: none of our protocol classes had to be changed, and neither will have to change until the end of the tutorial.

    # Fix asymmetry
    from twisted.application import internet, service
    from twisted.internet import protocol, reactor, defer
    from twisted.protocols import basic
    class FingerProtocol(basic.LineReceiver):
        def lineReceived(self, user):
            self.factory.getUser(user
            ).addErrback(lambda _: "Internal error in server"
            ).addCallback(lambda m:
                          (self.transport.write(m+"\r\n"),
                           self.transport.loseConnection()))

    class FingerSetterProtocol(basic.LineReceiver):
        def connectionMade(self): self.lines = []
        def lineReceived(self, line): self.lines.append(line)
        def connectionLost(self,reason): self.factory.setUser(*self.lines[:2])
        # first line: user   second line: status

    class FingerService(service.Service):
        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            self.parent.__init__(self, *args)
            self.users = kwargs
        def getUser(self, user):
            return defer.succeed(self.users.get(user, "No such user"))
        def getFingerFactory(self):
            f = protocol.ServerFactory()
            f.protocol, f.getUser = FingerProtocol, self.getUser
            return f
        def getFingerSetterFactory(self):
            f = protocol.ServerFactory()
            f.protocol, f.setUser = FingerSetterProtocol, self.users.__setitem__
            return f

    application = service.Application('finger', uid=1, gid=1)
    f = FingerService('finger', moshez='Happy and well')
    serviceCollection = service.IServiceCollection(application)
    internet.TCPServer(79,f.getFingerFactory()
                       ).setServiceParent(serviceCollection)
    internet.TCPServer(1079,f.getFingerSetterFactory()
                       ).setServiceParent(serviceCollection)

Source listing - listings/finger/finger13.py

## Read Status File

This version shows how, instead of just letting users set their messages, we can read those from a centrally managed file. We cache results, and every 30 seconds we refresh it. Services are useful for such scheduled tasks.

    moshez: happy and well
    shawn: alive

sample /etc/users file - listings/finger/etc.users

    # Read from file
    from twisted.application import internet, service
    from twisted.internet import protocol, reactor, defer
    from twisted.protocols import basic

    class FingerProtocol(basic.LineReceiver):
        def lineReceived(self, user):
            self.factory.getUser(user
            ).addErrback(lambda _: "Internal error in server"
            ).addCallback(lambda m:
                          (self.transport.write(m+"\r\n"),
                           self.transport.loseConnection()))

    class FingerService(service.Service):
        def __init__(self, filename):
            self.users = {}
            self.filename = filename
        def _read(self):
            for line in file(self.filename):
                user, status = line.split(':', 1)
                user = user.strip()
                status = status.strip()
                self.users[user] = status
            self.call = reactor.callLater(30, self._read)
        def startService(self):
            self._read()
            service.Service.startService(self)
        def stopService(self):
            service.Service.stopService(self)
            self.call.cancel()
        def getUser(self, user):
            return defer.succeed(self.users.get(user, "No such user"))
        def getFingerFactory(self):
            f = protocol.ServerFactory()
            f.protocol, f.getUser = FingerProtocol, self.getUser
            return f

    application = service.Application('finger', uid=1, gid=1)
    f = FingerService('/etc/users')
    finger = internet.TCPServer(79, f.getFingerFactory())

    finger.setServiceParent(service.IServiceCollection(application))
    f.setServiceParent(service.IServiceCollection(application))

Source listing - listings/finger/finger14.py

## Announce on Web, Too

The same kind of service can also produce things useful for other protocols. For example, in twisted.web, the factory itself (the site) is almost never subclassed -- instead, it is given a resource, which represents the tree of resources available via URLs. That hierarchy is navigated by site, and overriding it dynamically is possible with getChild.

    # Read from file, announce on the web!
    from twisted.application import internet, service
    from twisted.internet import protocol, reactor, defer
    from twisted.protocols import basic
    from twisted.web import resource, server, static
    import cgi

    class FingerProtocol(basic.LineReceiver):
        def lineReceived(self, user):
            self.factory.getUser(user
            ).addErrback(lambda _: "Internal error in server"
            ).addCallback(lambda m:
                          (self.transport.write(m+"\r\n"),
                           self.transport.loseConnection()))

    class MotdResource(resource.Resource):

        def __init__(self, users):
            self.users = users
            resource.Resource.__init__(self)

        # we treat the path as the username
        def getChild(self, username, request):
            motd = self.users.get(username)
            username = cgi.escape(username)
            if motd is not None:
                motd = cgi.escape(motd)
                text = '<h1>%s</h1><p>%s</p>' % (username,motd)
            else:
                text = '<h1>%s</h1><p>No such user</p>' % username
            return static.Data(text, 'text/html')

    class FingerService(service.Service):
        def __init__(self, filename):
            self.filename = filename
            self._read()
        def _read(self):
            self.users = {}
            for line in file(self.filename):
                user, status = line.split(':', 1)
                user = user.strip()
                status = status.strip()
                self.users[user] = status
            self.call = reactor.callLater(30, self._read)
        def getUser(self, user):
            return defer.succeed(self.users.get(user, "No such user"))
        def getFingerFactory(self):
            f = protocol.ServerFactory()
            f.protocol, f.getUser = FingerProtocol, self.getUser
            f.startService = self.startService
            return f

        def getResource(self):
            r = MotdResource(self.users)
            return r

    application = service.Application('finger', uid=1, gid=1)
    f = FingerService('/etc/users')
    serviceCollection = service.IServiceCollection(application)
    internet.TCPServer(79, f.getFingerFactory()
                       ).setServiceParent(serviceCollection)
    internet.TCPServer(8000, server.Site(f.getResource())
                       ).setServiceParent(serviceCollection)

Source listing - listings/finger/finger15.py

## Announce on IRC, Too

This is the first time there is client code. IRC clients often act a lot like servers: responding to events from the network. The reconnecting client factory will make sure that severed links will get re-established, with intelligent tweaked exponential back-off algorithms. The IRC client itself is simple: the only real hack is getting the nickname from the factory in connectionMade.

    # Read from file, announce on the web, irc
    from twisted.application import internet, service
    from twisted.internet import protocol, reactor, defer
    from twisted.protocols import basic, irc
    from twisted.web import resource, server, static
    import cgi
    class FingerProtocol(basic.LineReceiver):
        def lineReceived(self, user):
            self.factory.getUser(user
            ).addErrback(lambda _: "Internal error in server"
            ).addCallback(lambda m:
                          (self.transport.write(m+"\r\n"),
                           self.transport.loseConnection()))
    class FingerSetterProtocol(basic.LineReceiver):
        def connectionMade(self): self.lines = []
        def lineReceived(self, line): self.lines.append(line)
        def connectionLost(self,reason): self.factory.setUser(*self.lines[:2])
    class IRCReplyBot(irc.IRCClient):
        def connectionMade(self):
            self.nickname = self.factory.nickname
            irc.IRCClient.connectionMade(self)
        def privmsg(self, user, channel, msg):
            user = user.split('!')[0]
            if self.nickname.lower() == channel.lower():
                self.factory.getUser(msg
                ).addErrback(lambda _: "Internal error in server"
                ).addCallback(lambda m: irc.IRCClient.msg(self, user, msg+': '+m))

    class FingerService(service.Service):
        def __init__(self, filename):
            self.filename = filename
            self._read()
        def _read(self):
            self.users = {}
            for line in file(self.filename):
                user, status = line.split(':', 1)
                user = user.strip()
                status = status.strip()
                self.users[user] = status
            self.call = reactor.callLater(30, self._read)
        def getUser(self, user):
            return defer.succeed(self.users.get(user, "No such user"))
        def getFingerFactory(self):
            f = protocol.ServerFactory()
            f.protocol, f.getUser = FingerProtocol, self.getUser
            return f
        def getResource(self):
            r = resource.Resource()
            r.getChild = (lambda path, request:
                          static.Data('<h1>%s</h1><p>%s</p>' %
                          tuple(map(cgi.escape,
                          [path,self.users.get(path,
                          "No such user <p/> usage: site/user")])),
                          'text/html'))
            return r

        def getIRCBot(self, nickname):
            f = protocol.ReconnectingClientFactory()
            f.protocol,f.nickname,f.getUser = IRCReplyBot,nickname,self.getUser
            return f

    application = service.Application('finger', uid=1, gid=1)
    f = FingerService('/etc/users')
    serviceCollection = service.IServiceCollection(application)
    internet.TCPServer(79, f.getFingerFactory()
                       ).setServiceParent(serviceCollection)
    internet.TCPServer(8000, server.Site(f.getResource())
                       ).setServiceParent(serviceCollection)
    internet.TCPClient('irc.freenode.org', 6667, f.getIRCBot('fingerbot')
                       ).setServiceParent(serviceCollection)

Source listing - listings/finger/finger16.py

## Add XML-RPC Support

In Twisted, XML-RPC support is handled just as though it was another resource. That resource will still support GET calls normally through render(), but that is usually left unimplemented. Note that it is possible to return deferreds from XML-RPC methods. The client, of course, will not get the answer until the deferred is triggered.

    # Read from file, announce on the web, irc, xml-rpc
    from twisted.application import internet, service
    from twisted.internet import protocol, reactor, defer
    from twisted.protocols import basic, irc
    from twisted.web import resource, server, static, xmlrpc
    import cgi
    class FingerProtocol(basic.LineReceiver):
        def lineReceived(self, user):
            self.factory.getUser(user
            ).addErrback(lambda _: "Internal error in server"
            ).addCallback(lambda m:
                          (self.transport.write(m+"\r\n"),
                           self.transport.loseConnection()))
    class FingerSetterProtocol(basic.LineReceiver):
        def connectionMade(self): self.lines = []
        def lineReceived(self, line): self.lines.append(line)
        def connectionLost(self,reason): self.factory.setUser(*self.lines[:2])
    class IRCReplyBot(irc.IRCClient):
        def connectionMade(self):
            self.nickname = self.factory.nickname
            irc.IRCClient.connectionMade(self)
        def privmsg(self, user, channel, msg):
            user = user.split('!')[0]
            if self.nickname.lower() == channel.lower():
                self.factory.getUser(msg
                ).addErrback(lambda _: "Internal error in server"
                ).addCallback(lambda m: irc.IRCClient.msg(self, user, msg+': '+m))

    class FingerService(service.Service):
        def __init__(self, filename):
            self.filename = filename
            self._read()
        def _read(self):
            self.users = {}
            for line in file(self.filename):
                user, status = line.split(':', 1)
                user = user.strip()
                status = status.strip()
                self.users[user] = status
            self.call = reactor.callLater(30, self._read)
        def getUser(self, user):
            return defer.succeed(self.users.get(user, "No such user"))
        def getFingerFactory(self):
            f = protocol.ServerFactory()
            f.protocol, f.getUser = FingerProtocol, self.getUser
            return f
        def getResource(self):
            r = resource.Resource()
            r.getChild = (lambda path, request:
                          static.Data('<h1>%s</h1><p>%s</p>' %
                          tuple(map(cgi.escape,
                          [path,self.users.get(path, "No such user")])),
                          'text/html'))
            x = xmlrpc.XMLRPC()
            x.xmlrpc_getUser = self.getUser
            r.putChild('RPC2', x)
            return r
        def getIRCBot(self, nickname):
            f = protocol.ReconnectingClientFactory()
            f.protocol,f.nickname,f.getUser = IRCReplyBot,nickname,self.getUser
            return f

    application = service.Application('finger', uid=1, gid=1)
    f = FingerService('/etc/users')
    serviceCollection = service.IServiceCollection(application)
    internet.TCPServer(79, f.getFingerFactory()
                       ).setServiceParent(serviceCollection)
    internet.TCPServer(8000, server.Site(f.getResource())
                       ).setServiceParent(serviceCollection)
    internet.TCPClient('irc.freenode.org', 6667, f.getIRCBot('fingerbot')
                       ).setServiceParent(serviceCollection)

Source listing - listings/finger/finger17.py

A simple client to test the XMLRPC finger:

    # testing xmlrpc finger

    import xmlrpclib
    server = xmlrpclib.Server('http://127.0.0.1:8000/RPC2')
    print server.getUser('moshez')

Source listing - listings/finger/fingerXRclient.py

Index

Version: 2.1.0